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True / False
1. Punishments rarely reflect the dominant values of a particular timeframe in history.
a.
True
b.
False
2. When imposing a sentence, judges consider one goal only, such as retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, or
deterrence.
a.
True
b.
False
3. An example of retribution is the saying, “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
a.
True
b.
False
4. The goal of deterrence assumes that criminals are rational beings.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Social scientists have been able to measure how many people stopped themselves from committing a crime as a result
of the threat of certain punishments being imposed.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Many legislators, prosecutors, and judges have abandoned rehabilitation as a goal.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Restorative justice programs in Vermont have increased the percentage of nonviolent offenders in the state’s prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Approximately 30% of persons under correctional supervision are in prison.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Small counties frequently cannot afford to seek the death penalty as punishment due to the expenses involved in trials.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Indeterminate sentences are consistent with rehabilitation.
a.
True
b.
False
11. A determinate sentence means that the defendant determines his or her own punishment with the assistance of a
counselor.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Two-thirds of those on death row are from the South.
a.
True
b.
False
13. All 50 states impose death as a sentence.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The prison population contains the same proportion of African Americans as the general population.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The death penalty was found to be racially discriminatory by the U.S. Supreme Court.
a.
True
b.
False
16. It is constitutional for states to execute persons under the age of 18.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Most states use lethal injection as the preferred method of execution.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Sentencing decisions are most often based on specific formulas.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Misdemeanor courts usually can only impose sentences of 1 year or less in jail.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Attitudes of judges factor into sentencing decisions.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Presentence reports are prepared carefully to avoid stereotyping defendants.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Sentencing guidelines provide additional discretion for judges in the sentencing process.
a.
True
b.
False
23. The prison population contains a higher proportion of Hispanics than does the general population.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Gender does not affect sentencing decisions.
a.
True
b.
False
25. The development of DNA technology has increased the number of people convicted by juries and later exonerated by
science.
a.
True
b.
False
26. Since the 1980s, sentencing guidelines have been established in the federal courts and in nearly two dozen state court
systems.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Incarceration involves depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detaining the
offender in prison.
a.
True
b.
False
28. Truth in sentencing guidelines are laws that require offenders to serve 85% of their sentences.
a.
True
b.
False
29. Lethal injection has been shown to violate the Eighth Amendment.
a.
True
b.
False
30. The use of crack cocaine in poor, poverty-laden communities has had little effect on increasing the sentencing
disparity.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Studies in Pennsylvania show that the largest risk to being sentenced is to be young, male, and black.
a.
True
b.
False
32. Eyewitness error is not a reason for wrongful convictions.
a.
True
b.
False
33. The pursuit of justice through punishment imposed on a person as “payback” for harming society by violating criminal
laws is called
a.
incapacitation.
b.
special deterrence.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
retribution.
34. Punishment that assumes that members of the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the
punishment of others who have committed a crime is called
a.
incapacitation.
b.
specific deterrence.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
general deterrence.
35. Which English scholar developed utilitarianism and viewed retribution as pointless?
a.
Orville Majors
b.
Thomas Hobbes
c.
John Locke
d.
Jeremy Bentham
36. Punishment designed to affect the future choices and behaviors of individuals and targeted toward individuals who
have already been convicted is called
a.
incapacitation.
b.
special deterrence.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
retribution.
37. Punishment that uses imprisonment or execution to prevent a person from committing additional crimes is called
a.
incapacitation.
b.
special deterrence.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
retribution.
38. When the goal of punishment is to restore a convicted offender to society through therapy, this is called
a.
incapacitation.
b.
special deterrence.
c.
rehabilitation.
d.
retribution.
39. Which term is used to define a model of justice that focuses on repairing damage done to the victim and the
community?
a.
Reparations
b.
Rehabilitation
c.
Retribution
d.
Incapacitation
40. Which of the following is not true about incarceration?
a.
Incarceration is thought to have a significant effect in deterring potential offenders.
b.
Incarceration is inexpensive.
c.
Incarceration is the most visible and well-known penalty imposed by U.S. courts.
d.
The majority of persons under correctional supervision are not incarcerated.
41. Which of the following determines whether a prisoner receives a reduction in sentence due to “good time” for good
behavior?
a.
Judge
b.
Prosecutor
c.
State supreme court
d.
Prison administrator
42. When the commission of a specific crime leads offenders to be required to serve a minimum period of incarceration
before release, this is called
a.
an indeterminate sentence.
b.
a presumptive sentence.
c.
a mandatory sentence.
d.
good time.
43. Which of the following is true about the death penalty?
a.
All Western democracies use the death penalty.
b.
Most Western democracies use the death penalty.
c.
The United States is virtually the only Western democracy to use the death penalty.
d.
None of the Western democracies, including the United States, uses the death penalty.
44. From 1975 to 2000, the number of people facing the death penalty in the United States
a.
increased.
b.
decreased.
c.
stayed the same.
d.
remained unknown.
45. How many states use the death penalty?
a.
All 50 states
b.
About three-fourths of the states
c.
About one-fourth of the states
d.
About one-tenth of the states
46. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty, as administered, constituted cruel and unusual punishment in the
case of
a.
Furman v. Georgia (1972).
b.
Gregg v. Georgia (1976).
c.
McCleskey v. Kemp (1987).
d.
Payne v. Tennessee (1991).
47. Which of the following statements about the death penalty is true?
a.
The offender’s race and sex can be considered as factors when deciding whether to invoke the death sentence.
b.
Offenders sentenced to death are not entitled to effective counsel.
c.
It is constitutional to exclude jurors who do not believe in the death penalty from capital cases.
d.
It cannot be imposed on an offender who was a juvenile at the time the offense was committed.
48. Which of the following is a valid observation about the orientation and assumptions of lower courts in their attempt to
process a large mass of cases?
a.
All defendants will go to trial.
b.
The vast majority of defendants will plead guilty.
c.
The courts must take extra care to filter out innocent defendants because prosecutors never drop charges.
d.
Each defendant is entitled to use 2 weeks or more of courtroom time in a trial.
49. Felony cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in the courts of _____ jurisdiction.
a.
limited
b.
general
c.
specific
d.
felony
50. Defendants whose cases are processed through the lower court assembly line appear to receive
a.
severe punishment.
b.
moderate punishment.
c.
little or no punishment.
d.
"just desserts" style punishment.
51. Which of the following offenders is most likely to be sentenced under the philosophy of selective incapacitation?
a.
A first-time drug offender
b.
A juvenile offender
c.
A repeat burglary offender
d.
A female offender
52. A presentence report is prepared by
a.
the court clerk.
b.
the judge.
c.
a probation officer.
d.
the prosecutor.
53. Probation officers play a role in sentencing by
a.
preparing the presentence report for the judge.
b.
always asking for leniency.
c.
instructing victims about what to say at sentencing hearings.
d.
working with the defense attorney to prepare each defendant’s rehabilitation plan.
54. Over half of the adults under correctional supervision are on
a.
probation.
b.
parole.
c.
house arrest.
d.
intensive supervision probation.
55. Which of the following is not a factor in sentencing decisions?
a.
Attitudes and values of the judge
b.
Conflicting goals of criminal justice
c.
Administrative pressures
d.
Community values
56. Which of the following is true regarding presentence reports?
a.
They are scientific.
b.
They avoid stereotypes.
c.
They ease the strain of decision making for a judge.
d.
They are prepared by the prosecutor.
57. Sentencing guidelines provide
a.
judges with guidance on incarcerating felons.
b.
corrections officers with discretion when incarcerating felons.
c.
police officers with discretionary power for arrests.
d.
prosecutors with guidance on plea-bargaining cases.
58. Legislatures construct sentencing guidelines according to two dimensions. These dimensions are
a.
seriousness of the offense and gender.
b.
recidivism and gender.
c.
seriousness of the offense and prior record.
d.
gender and family responsibilities.
59. Which demographic group are you most likely to find overrepresented in the prison population of most states?
a.
White males
b.
African American males
c.
White females
d.
Hispanic men
60. In recent years, dozens of people have been released from prison when their innocence was discovered through the use
of
a.
polygraph tests.
b.
lie detector tests.
c.
eye witness testimony.
d.
DNA testing.
61. Under the ________ approach, the amount and kind of punishment are calculated to discourage a criminal from
repeating the offense.
a.
incapacitation
