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1.Afaunalassemblageconsistsof:
a.animalbonesfromkillorbutcheringsites.
b.bonesfromhuntedanimalsthatwerebroughtbacktocampsorvillages.
c.animalbonesthataccumulatedatasiteduetonaturalprocesses(e.g.,broughtintothesitebycarnivoresor
raptors).
d.Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
2.Archaeologistswhoanalyzefaunalassemblagesarecommonlyknownas:
a.palynologists.
b.zooarchaeologists.
c.paleoecologists.
d.paleoethnobotanists.
3.Themainpurposeofazooarchaeologicalcomparativecollectionisto:
a.helpzooarchaeologistsidentifyarchaeofaunas.
b.determinewhethercutmarksonanimalbonesweremadehistoricallyorprehistorically.
c.distinguishbetweennaturalcarnivoretoothmarksandcutmarksmadebyhumans.
d.identifythetypesoffaunalivingatandaroundasiteatthetimeitwasoccupiedprehistorically.
4.Ifyouareusingaskeletalcollectionofmodernfauna,ofbothsexesanddifferentages,toidentifyspecimensinan
archaeofauna,youareusinga:
a.macrobotanicalassemblage.
b.palynologicalcollection.
c.comparativecollection.
d.phytolithassemblage.
5.Whenanalyzingafaunalassemblage,zooarchaeologistsattempttoidentifyaspecimento:
a.element.
b.taxon.
c.side.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Sizeclassescategorizefaunalremainstooneoffivecategoriesbasedonbodysize.Animalsassignedtoclassfive
include:
a.giraffes,hippos,andelephants.
b.bisonandelk.
c.wolfandpronghornantelope.
d.rabbitsandrodents.
7.Therawnumberofidentifiedbonespertaxoninanarchaeofaunaisknownasthe:
a.OSL.
b.MNI.
c.NISP.
d.AMS.
8.WhatwouldtheMNIbeforthefollowinghypotheticalassemblageofadultbisonbones:4lefthumeri,2left
femura,4rightfemura,5skulls,and6leftscapulae?
a.21
b.4
c.6
d.5
9.Ifyouhaveasitedominatedbybonesfromtheaxialskeleton,youhave:
a.akillsite.
b.acampsite.
c.mostlyupperandlowerlegbones,scapulae,clavicles,pelves,metapodials,andphalanges.
d.mostlycranialbones,mandibles,vertebrae,ribs,sacrum,andtailbones.
10.WhatdidHillsuggestaccountedforthecomparativeabundanceofbisonlimbbonesrelativetootherbisonbones
attheAgateBasinsite?
a.Bisonlongbonescontainlittleinthewayofmeatandmarrow,makingthemundesirablefortransportback
tocamp.
b.Bisonarelargeanimalsthatwouldbeextremelydifficulttocarrywhole;longboneswouldbepreferentially
transportedbecauseoftheirhigh-utility(meatandmarrow).
c.Carnivoreactivityresultedinthenaturalaccumulationoflimbbonesatthesite;limbsaretheeasiestpartof
theskeletonforcarnivorestoremove.
d.Thelimbbonesweretheonlybonestoremainaftercarnivoresscavengedtherestoftheaxialand
appendicularskeletons.
11.BrokenbisonandantelopemetapodialsandphalangeswithintheFolsomcomponentattheAgateBasinsitehave
beeninterpretedasevidenceof:
a.folsomhunterstakingadvantageoftheabundantmeatassociatedwiththeseskeletalelements.
b.folsomhunterstakingadvantageoftheabundantmarrowassociatedwiththeseskeletalelements.
c.gameabundanceinthelatewinter/earlyspringseason,asFolsomhuntershadaccesstotwodifferentanimal
species.
d.folsomhuntersfacinghardtimeswithsparsefoodsuppliesinaharshlatewinter/earlyspringseason.
12.HowdoweknowthatFolsomhunterscampedattheAgateBasinsiteinthespring?
a.Coprolitesfromthesitecontainplantandsmallanimalremainsthatareonlypresentintheareainthe
springtime.
b.BisontootheruptionpatternsindicatethepresenceofjuvenilebisonthatdiedinlateMarchorearlyApril.
c.Palynologicaldatafromthesiteindicatethepresenceofplantspeciesthatonlypollinateinthespring.
d.Macrobotanicalremainsfromthesiteindicatethepresenceofplantspeciesthatonlygrowinthespring.
13.AnalysisofthearchaeofaunafromthesiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peru,indicates:
a.achangeindietthroughtime,withincreasingrelianceondomesticatedllamas.
b.achangeindietthroughtime,withincreasingrelianceondeerandlargecats.
c.adecreaseinlegbonesandanincreaseincranialandfootbonesthroughtime.
d.extremecarnivoredamagetothefaunalassemblage,makingitimpossibletoinferanyhumanbehaviorfrom
thearchaeofauna.
14.ThefaunalassemblagefromthesiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peru,containsanabundanceoflegboneswithfew
cranialandfootbones.Thispatternhasbeenexplainedby:
a.largeanimaldisturbance;cranialandfootbonewerepreferentiallycarriedawayfromthesitebycarnivores,
whilelegboneswereleftbehind.
b.taphonomicprocesses;bonepreservationathighaltitudesitesisnotoriouslypoor.
c.Ch’arkitrade;driedllamaandalpacameatonlegboneswastradedintothesitefromhigh-altitudeherding
communities.
d.decreasingrelianceoncamelidmeatbyresidentsofthesitethroughtime.
15.Anarchaeologistinvolvedinanalyzingandinterpretingplantremainsfromarchaeologicalsitesinorderto
understandpastinteractionsbetweenhumanpopulationsandplantswouldbea:
a.palynologist.
b.paleoethnobotanist.
c.zooarchaeologist.
d.bioarchaeologist.
16.Macrobotanicalremainsarelikelytobepreservediftheywere:
a.depositedinaridclimatesordrycaves.
b.depositedinwaterloggedcontexts,suchaswellsorshipwrecks.
c.burnedandcarbonized.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
17.Inreconstructingancientenvironments,pollenisusefulbecause:
a.itpreserveswelloveralongperiodoftime.
b.largeamountsofpollenaretrappedinsedimentovertime.
c.pollenisdistinctiveofthespeciesofplantthatproducedit.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
18.Whatdofluctuationsinpollenpercentagesinapollendiagramindicate?
a.Changesinfrequenciesofanimalremainspresentatasite
b.Changesinthetypesofdomesticatedplantsthatprehistoricpopulationsreliedupon
c.Changesinlocalandregionalplantdensities
d.Climaticchangeintheformofdecreasingtemperaturesandincreasingmoisturecontent
19.Usingpalynologicaldata,HaynesandMehringerconcludedthattheclimateattheLehnerClovissitein
southeasternArizona11,000yearsagowas:
a.onlyslightlywetterandcoolerthantoday,followedbyarapidshifttowarddrierconditions.
b.onlyslightlydrierandwarmerthantoday,followedbyarapidshifttowardwetterconditions.
c.muchdrierandwarmerthantoday;onlyalargeshiftintemperatureandprecipitationwouldhavecaused
suchadifferentenvironmentatthesite.
d.muchwetterandcoolerthantoday;onlyalargeshiftintemperatureandprecipitationwouldhavecaused
suchadifferentenvironmentatthesite.
20.NeanderthalburialsfromShanidarCave,Iraq,associatedwithpollenindicatethat:
a.humansaretheonlywaythatflowerscouldenteracave.
b.burialritualsbeganwiththeNeanderthals.
c.thepolleninthecavewastheresultofnormalbackgroundpollen“rain.”
d.archaeologistsneedtotakeformationprocessesintoaccountwheninterpretingthemeaningofdatafrom
ecofacts.
21.Ifanarchaeologistisanalyzingtinysilicaparticlesthatwereoriginallycontainedinplants,heorsheisanalyzing:
a.macrobotanicalremains.
b.phytoliths.
c.coprolites.
d.lipids.
22.Phytolithsaremostusefulforidentifying:
a.regional,ratherthanlocalpatternsofvegetation.
b.plantsthatweredomesticatedprehistoricallysincetheirphytolithsdiffersignificantlyfromthoseofwild
plants.
c.theabundanceofdifferentkindsofgrasses;notallplantsproducephytoliths.
d.theabundanceofallplantspresentatasite;allplantsproducephytoliths.
23.Woodratsnestsareusefulforreconstructingtheenvironmentaroundtheirnestsbecausethey:
a.travelgreatdistances(kilometers)fromtheirneststocollectmaterials.
b.travelnomorethan100metersfromtheirneststocollectmaterials.
c.buildtheirnestsinwatersaturatedareas,thusensuringthepreservationoforganicmaterials.
d.onlyutilizeaverylimitedrangeofplantspecieswhenbuildingtheirnests.
24.Thenestsofwoodratsareusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructionbecausetheycanpreservearecordof
environmentalchangefor:
a.decades.
b.hundredsofyears.
c.thousandsofyears.
d.hundredsofthousandsofyears.
25.Inordertounderstandexactlywhatapersonatewithina24hourperiod,themostusefulsourceofdatawouldbe:
a.phytolithanalysis.
b.macrobotanicalanalysis.
c.pollenanalysis.
d.coproliteanalysis.
26.Organicsubstancessuchasfats,oils,andwaxesthatresistmixingwithwaterandarefoundinbothplantand
animaltissuesarecalled:
a.lipids.
b.coprolites.
c.phytoliths.
d.bioderms.
27.Lipidscanprovideinformationaboutthetypesoffoodspeopleconsumedprehistorically.Inordertoidentifyfood
residues,lipidscanbeextractedfrom:
a.cookingvessels.
b.faunalremains.
c.stonetools.
d.phytoliths.
28.HastorfandJohannessenarguethatchangesinthetypesoffuelusedthroughtimeintheUpperMantaroareaof
Peruarebestexplainedby:
a.changesintheabundanceofhighqualityversuslowqualityfuelcausedbyenvironmentalchange.
b.increasingpopulationdensitythatdenudedthelandscapeoftrees,forcingpeopletorelymoreandmoreon
lowqualityfuelthroughtime.
c.forcedfuelmanagementprogramsmandatedbyanelitesocialclass.
d.acombinationofmaterialisticandideologicalexplanations.
29.AccordingtoHastorfandJohannessen’sfindings,whataccountedforchangeinWankaIItimes?
a.Inkatookoverandrestructuredthelocationoftheproductionsystem.
b.Cultivationwaschosentoalleviatethefuelshortage.
c.Treetaxabegintoshowupthatwereabsentbefore.
d.Ideologyassociatedwithplantingofcertaintreeswasafactor.
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldazooarchaeologicalstudynotinvolve?
a.Establishmentthatbonesareleftbehindbypeoplebylookingforcutmarks,fragments,andburning.
b.Identifybonestoelement,taxon,sexandageusingacomparativecollection.
c.CountthebonesusingNISPandMNI.
d.Disregardsymbolicimportanceininterpretingthepast.
31.Thesourcesofplantsthathelpreconstructancientdietsinclude
a.macrobotanicalremains.
b.phytoliths.
c.plantnurseries.
d.macrobotanicalremainsandphytoliths.
32.Pollenhelpsreconstructpastenvironmentsbecause
a.plantsgrowallovertheworld.
b.differentplantspeciesproducedifferentlyshapedpollens.
c.humanshavealwayssurvivedonplants.
d.pollenisspreadbywind,birdsandanimals.
33.WilliamSpencerdiscoveredtheAgateBasinsite
a.similartothewayGeorgeMcJunkinfoundtheFolsomsiteinNewMexico.
b.usingaerialreconnaissance.
c.usingrandomsampling.
d.throughhappenchanceexcavation.
34.Rodent-andrabbit-sizeanimalsareclassifiedinwhichoneoffivestandardanimalsizeclasses?
a.Class1
b.Class2
c.Class3
d.Class4
35.AtAgateBasin,theNISPcountsuggeststhat____________weremoreimportantthan____________.
a.elk/rabbit
b.dog/skunk
c.bison/pronghorn
d.camel/dog
36.Theappendicularskeletonrefersto
a.head,mandibles.
b.vertebrae,ribs.
c.sacrum.
d.everythingelseotherthanhead,mandibles,vertebrae,ribs,andsacrum.
37.Basedonethnoarchaeologicalevidence,HillsuggestedthathuntersatAgateBasinkilledmostoftheanimals
individually,
a.farfromcamp.
b.nearwater.
c.inhighelevations.
d.closetocamp.
38.TheritualimportanceofChavindeHuántar___________throughtime;thelocalcommunity__________insize.
a.decreased/increased
b.increased/decreased
c.decreased/decreased
d.increased/increased
39.Inmorehumidconditions,plantremainsgenerallyarepreservedonlywhentheyhavebeen
a.buried.
b.burned.
c.soakedinwater.
d.Noneoftheseanswersarecorrect.
40.Zooarchaeologybringsanhistoricalperspectivetodecisionsastowhichspeciestosave.Onewayisto
a.demonstratehowpasthumanpredationandlandscapealterationaffectedanimalpopulations.
b.demonstratehowpresenthumanpopulationsaredestroyingancientspecies.
c.demonstratehowancientspeciesfedancientpopulations.
d.fosterconservationeffortstoprotectendangeredspecies.
41.Afaunalassemblageconsistsoftheplantremainsrecoveredfromanarchaeologicalsite.
a.True
b.False
42.TherawnumberofidentifiedbonesperspeciesinanarchaeofaunaisknownastheMNI.
a.True
b.False
43.AtthehighlandsiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peruadeclineintheabundanceofdeerbonesovertimeanda
simultaneousincreaseinthepercentageofllamalegbonestracksatemporalchangeindietandtradethatshows
occupantsofthesiteshiftedfromdoingtheirownhuntingtobeingsuppliedwithdriedmeat.Thisinterpretationis
basedonfaunalanalysisbutalsoethnoarchaeologicalresearchwithlivingpeoplesintheAndesMountains.
a.True
b.False
44.Pollenanalysisisusedprimarilyforreconstructingpastregionalenvironments.
a.True
b.False
45.Phytolithanalysisismostusefulforreconstructingarboreal(tree)vegetation.
a.True
b.False
46.Phytolithsaresmallstonetools,normallyinsetintopiecesofboneorwoodtoformalongworkingedge.
a.True
b.False
47.Sincewoodratscollectplantmaterialfortheirnestsfromasmuchastwokilometersaway,theyaregood
indicatorsoftheregionalenvironment.
a.True
b.False
48.Woodratsurinateallovertheirnests,formingalacquer-likecoveringonthenestthatpromotesthepreservationof
organicmaterials.
a.True
b.False
49.Bylookingatlevelsofsexhormonessuchastestosteroneandprogesteroneincoprolites,wecandetermine
whethertheywereproducedbyamanorawoman.
a.True
b.False
50.Ingeneral,biasinpreservationmakesreconstructingtheplantcomponentofancientdietsmoredifficultthan
reconstructingthemeatcomponent.
a.True
b.False
51.Althoughtheanalysisofplantremainsfromarchaeologicalsitescanprovideimportantinformationaboutthe
economiesofprehistoricpopulations,adrawbackofplantremainsisthattheycannotbeusedtoinferritual
significanceorideology.
a.True
b.False
52.Thelinksbetweenpatternsinthefaunalassemblageandinterpretationsdependsonexperimentalarchaeologyand
ethnoarchaeology.
a.True
b.False
53.Whatcanthestudyofplantandanimalremainstellarchaeologists?Whyisitnecessarytounderstandpast
environmentalconditionsinordertounderstandprehistoricdiet?
54.Whatisfaunalanalysis?Howisfaunalanalysisusefulforarchaeologists?Whatinformationcanfaunalanalysis
providearchaeologists?Bespecific.
55.Howdozooarchaeologistsanalyzearchaeofaunas?Whatkindofinformationdotheycollect?WhatisNISP,and
howisitcalculated?WhatisMNI,andhowisitcalculated?Whichisgenerallyamoreusefulmeasurement,and
why?
56.Describethedifferentwaysinwhicharchaeologistsdeterminetheseasonoftheyearinwhichasitewasoccupied.
Whyisinformationaboutsiteseasonalityimportant?
57.Whyareplantmacrofossilsimportanttopaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?Whatkindsofinformationcanbe
gainedthroughtheanalysisofplantmacrofossils?Howareplantmacrofossilsrecoveredfromsites?Underwhat
conditionsareplantmacrofossilspreserved?
58.Whatispalynology?Whatinformationdoespalynologyprovide,andwhyisthisinformationusefulto
archaeologists?Whataresomepotentialproblemswithinterpretingpollendiagrams?Ispalynologymoreuseful
forprovidinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?
59.Whyarewoodratnestsusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?Bespecific.Aretheymoreusefulfor
providinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?
60.Whatarephytoliths?Howdophytolithsform?Howarephytolithsusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?
Aretheymoreusefulforprovidinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?Whataresomeof
thelimitationsofusingphytolithsforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?
61.Whatarecoprolites?Whatkindofinformationcancoprolitesprovide?Underwhatconditionsarecoprolites
likelytobepreserved?
62.Isitpossibletounderstandpeople’sinteractionwiththeenvironmentstrictlyineconomicterms?Whyorwhynot?
Whatrolecancultureandideologyplayindeterminingpeople-environmentinteractions?Giveadetailedexample
fromthetext.
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