1.Afaunalassemblageconsistsof:​
a.​animalbonesfromkillorbutcheringsites.
b.​bonesfromhuntedanimalsthatwerebroughtbacktocampsorvillages.
c.​animalbonesthataccumulatedatasiteduetonaturalprocesses(e.g.,broughtintothesitebycarnivoresor
raptors).
d.​Anyoralloftheanswersarecorrect.
2.Archaeologistswhoanalyzefaunalassemblagesarecommonlyknownas:​
a.​palynologists.
b.​zooarchaeologists.
c.​paleoecologists.
d.​paleoethnobotanists.
3.Themainpurposeofazooarchaeologicalcomparativecollectionisto:​
a.​helpzooarchaeologistsidentifyarchaeofaunas.
b.​determinewhethercutmarksonanimalbonesweremadehistoricallyorprehistorically.
c.​distinguishbetweennaturalcarnivoretoothmarksandcutmarksmadebyhumans.
d.​identifythetypesoffaunalivingatandaroundasiteatthetimeitwasoccupiedprehistorically.
4.Ifyouareusingaskeletalcollectionofmodernfauna,ofbothsexesanddifferentages,toidentifyspecimensinan
archaeofauna,youareusinga:​
a.​macrobotanicalassemblage.
b.​palynologicalcollection.
c.​comparativecollection.
d.​phytolithassemblage.
5.Whenanalyzingafaunalassemblage,zooarchaeologistsattempttoidentifyaspecimento:​
a.​element.
b.​taxon.
c.​side.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Sizeclassescategorizefaunalremainstooneoffivecategoriesbasedonbodysize.Animalsassignedtoclassfive
include:​
a.​giraffes,hippos,andelephants.
b.​bisonandelk.
c.​wolfandpronghornantelope.
d.​rabbitsandrodents.
7.Therawnumberofidentifiedbonespertaxoninanarchaeofaunaisknownasthe:​
a.​OSL.
b.​MNI.
c.​NISP.
d.​AMS.
8.WhatwouldtheMNIbeforthefollowinghypotheticalassemblageofadultbisonbones:4lefthumeri,2left
femura,4rightfemura,5skulls,and6leftscapulae?​
a.​21
b.​4
c.​6
d.​5
9.Ifyouhaveasitedominatedbybonesfromtheaxialskeleton,youhave:​
a.​akillsite.
b.​acampsite.
c.​mostlyupperandlowerlegbones,scapulae,clavicles,pelves,metapodials,andphalanges.
d.​mostlycranialbones,mandibles,vertebrae,ribs,sacrum,andtailbones.
10.WhatdidHillsuggestaccountedforthecomparativeabundanceofbisonlimbbonesrelativetootherbisonbones
attheAgateBasinsite?​
a.​Bisonlongbonescontainlittleinthewayofmeatandmarrow,makingthemundesirablefortransportback
tocamp.
b.​Bisonarelargeanimalsthatwouldbeextremelydifficulttocarrywhole;longboneswouldbepreferentially
transportedbecauseoftheirhigh-utility(meatandmarrow).
c.​Carnivoreactivityresultedinthenaturalaccumulationoflimbbonesatthesite;limbsaretheeasiestpartof
theskeletonforcarnivorestoremove.
d.​Thelimbbonesweretheonlybonestoremainaftercarnivoresscavengedtherestoftheaxialand
appendicularskeletons.
11.BrokenbisonandantelopemetapodialsandphalangeswithintheFolsomcomponentattheAgateBasinsitehave
beeninterpretedasevidenceof:​
a.​folsomhunterstakingadvantageoftheabundantmeatassociatedwiththeseskeletalelements.
b.​folsomhunterstakingadvantageoftheabundantmarrowassociatedwiththeseskeletalelements.
c.​gameabundanceinthelatewinter/earlyspringseason,asFolsomhuntershadaccesstotwodifferentanimal
species.
d.​folsomhuntersfacinghardtimeswithsparsefoodsuppliesinaharshlatewinter/earlyspringseason.
12.HowdoweknowthatFolsomhunterscampedattheAgateBasinsiteinthespring?​
a.​Coprolitesfromthesitecontainplantandsmallanimalremainsthatareonlypresentintheareainthe
springtime.
b.​BisontootheruptionpatternsindicatethepresenceofjuvenilebisonthatdiedinlateMarchorearlyApril.
c.​Palynologicaldatafromthesiteindicatethepresenceofplantspeciesthatonlypollinateinthespring.
d.​Macrobotanicalremainsfromthesiteindicatethepresenceofplantspeciesthatonlygrowinthespring.
13.AnalysisofthearchaeofaunafromthesiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peru,indicates:​
a.​achangeindietthroughtime,withincreasingrelianceondomesticatedllamas.
b.​achangeindietthroughtime,withincreasingrelianceondeerandlargecats.
c.​adecreaseinlegbonesandanincreaseincranialandfootbonesthroughtime.
d.​extremecarnivoredamagetothefaunalassemblage,makingitimpossibletoinferanyhumanbehaviorfrom
thearchaeofauna.
14.ThefaunalassemblagefromthesiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peru,containsanabundanceoflegboneswithfew
cranialandfootbones.Thispatternhasbeenexplainedby:​
a.​largeanimaldisturbance;cranialandfootbonewerepreferentiallycarriedawayfromthesitebycarnivores,
whilelegboneswereleftbehind.
b.​taphonomicprocesses;bonepreservationathighaltitudesitesisnotoriouslypoor.
c.​Ch’arkitrade;driedllamaandalpacameatonlegboneswastradedintothesitefromhigh-altitudeherding
communities.
d.​decreasingrelianceoncamelidmeatbyresidentsofthesitethroughtime.
15.Anarchaeologistinvolvedinanalyzingandinterpretingplantremainsfromarchaeologicalsitesinorderto
understandpastinteractionsbetweenhumanpopulationsandplantswouldbea:​
a.​palynologist.
b.​paleoethnobotanist.
c.​zooarchaeologist.
d.​bioarchaeologist.
16.Macrobotanicalremainsarelikelytobepreservediftheywere:​
a.​depositedinaridclimatesordrycaves.
b.​depositedinwaterloggedcontexts,suchaswellsorshipwrecks.
c.​burnedandcarbonized.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
17.Inreconstructingancientenvironments,pollenisusefulbecause:​
a.​itpreserveswelloveralongperiodoftime.
b.​largeamountsofpollenaretrappedinsedimentovertime.
c.​pollenisdistinctiveofthespeciesofplantthatproducedit.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
18.Whatdofluctuationsinpollenpercentagesinapollendiagramindicate?​
a.​Changesinfrequenciesofanimalremainspresentatasite
b.​Changesinthetypesofdomesticatedplantsthatprehistoricpopulationsreliedupon
c.​Changesinlocalandregionalplantdensities
d.​Climaticchangeintheformofdecreasingtemperaturesandincreasingmoisturecontent
19.Usingpalynologicaldata,HaynesandMehringerconcludedthattheclimateattheLehnerClovissitein
southeasternArizona11,000yearsagowas:​
a.​onlyslightlywetterandcoolerthantoday,followedbyarapidshifttowarddrierconditions.
b.​onlyslightlydrierandwarmerthantoday,followedbyarapidshifttowardwetterconditions.
c.​muchdrierandwarmerthantoday;onlyalargeshiftintemperatureandprecipitationwouldhavecaused
suchadifferentenvironmentatthesite.
d.​muchwetterandcoolerthantoday;onlyalargeshiftintemperatureandprecipitationwouldhavecaused
suchadifferentenvironmentatthesite.
20.NeanderthalburialsfromShanidarCave,Iraq,associatedwithpollenindicatethat:​
a.​humansaretheonlywaythatflowerscouldenteracave.
b.​burialritualsbeganwiththeNeanderthals.
c.​thepolleninthecavewastheresultofnormalbackgroundpollen“rain.”
d.​archaeologistsneedtotakeformationprocessesintoaccountwheninterpretingthemeaningofdatafrom
ecofacts.
21.Ifanarchaeologistisanalyzingtinysilicaparticlesthatwereoriginallycontainedinplants,heorsheisanalyzing:​
a.​macrobotanicalremains.
b.​phytoliths.
c.​coprolites.
d.​lipids.
22.Phytolithsaremostusefulforidentifying:​
a.​regional,ratherthanlocalpatternsofvegetation.
b.​plantsthatweredomesticatedprehistoricallysincetheirphytolithsdiffersignificantlyfromthoseofwild
plants.
c.​theabundanceofdifferentkindsofgrasses;notallplantsproducephytoliths.
d.theabundanceofallplantspresentatasite;allplantsproducephytoliths.
23.Woodratsnestsareusefulforreconstructingtheenvironmentaroundtheirnestsbecausethey:​
a.​travelgreatdistances(kilometers)fromtheirneststocollectmaterials.
b.​travelnomorethan100metersfromtheirneststocollectmaterials.
c.​buildtheirnestsinwatersaturatedareas,thusensuringthepreservationoforganicmaterials.
d.​onlyutilizeaverylimitedrangeofplantspecieswhenbuildingtheirnests.
24.Thenestsofwoodratsareusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructionbecausetheycanpreservearecordof
environmentalchangefor:​
a.​decades.
b.​hundredsofyears.
c.​thousandsofyears.
d.​hundredsofthousandsofyears.
25.Inordertounderstandexactlywhatapersonatewithina24hourperiod,themostusefulsourceofdatawouldbe:​
a.​phytolithanalysis.
b.​macrobotanicalanalysis.
c.​pollenanalysis.
d.​coproliteanalysis.
26.Organicsubstancessuchasfats,oils,andwaxesthatresistmixingwithwaterandarefoundinbothplantand
animaltissuesarecalled:​
a.​lipids.
b.​coprolites.
c.​phytoliths.
d.​bioderms.
27.Lipidscanprovideinformationaboutthetypesoffoodspeopleconsumedprehistorically.Inordertoidentifyfood
residues,lipidscanbeextractedfrom:​
a.​cookingvessels.
b.​faunalremains.
c.​stonetools.
d.​phytoliths.
28.HastorfandJohannessenarguethatchangesinthetypesoffuelusedthroughtimeintheUpperMantaroareaof
Peruarebestexplainedby:​
a.​changesintheabundanceofhighqualityversuslowqualityfuelcausedbyenvironmentalchange.
b.​increasingpopulationdensitythatdenudedthelandscapeoftrees,forcingpeopletorelymoreandmoreon
lowqualityfuelthroughtime.
c.​forcedfuelmanagementprogramsmandatedbyanelitesocialclass.
d.​acombinationofmaterialisticandideologicalexplanations.
29.AccordingtoHastorfandJohannessen’sfindings,whataccountedforchangeinWankaIItimes?​
a.​Inkatookoverandrestructuredthelocationoftheproductionsystem.
b.​Cultivationwaschosentoalleviatethefuelshortage.
c.​Treetaxabegintoshowupthatwereabsentbefore.
d.​Ideologyassociatedwithplantingofcertaintreeswasafactor.
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldazooarchaeologicalstudynotinvolve?​
a.​Establishmentthatbonesareleftbehindbypeoplebylookingforcutmarks,fragments,andburning.
b.​Identifybonestoelement,taxon,sexandageusingacomparativecollection.
c.​CountthebonesusingNISPandMNI.
d.​Disregardsymbolicimportanceininterpretingthepast.
31.Thesourcesofplantsthathelpreconstructancientdietsinclude​
a.​macrobotanicalremains.
b.​phytoliths.
c.​plantnurseries.
d.​macrobotanicalremainsandphytoliths.
32.Pollenhelpsreconstructpastenvironmentsbecause​
a.plantsgrowallovertheworld.
b.​differentplantspeciesproducedifferentlyshapedpollens.
c.​humanshavealwayssurvivedonplants.
d.​pollenisspreadbywind,birdsandanimals.
33.WilliamSpencerdiscoveredtheAgateBasinsite​
a.​similartothewayGeorgeMcJunkinfoundtheFolsomsiteinNewMexico.
b.​usingaerialreconnaissance.
c.​usingrandomsampling.
d.​throughhappenchanceexcavation.
34.Rodent-andrabbit-sizeanimalsareclassifiedinwhichoneoffivestandardanimalsizeclasses?​
a.​Class1
b.​Class2
c.​Class3
d.​Class4
35.AtAgateBasin,theNISPcountsuggeststhat____________weremoreimportantthan____________.​
a.​elk/rabbit
b.​dog/skunk
c.​bison/pronghorn
d.​camel/dog
36.Theappendicularskeletonrefersto​
a.​head,mandibles.
b.​vertebrae,ribs.
c.​sacrum.
d.​everythingelseotherthanhead,mandibles,vertebrae,ribs,andsacrum.
37.Basedonethnoarchaeologicalevidence,HillsuggestedthathuntersatAgateBasinkilledmostoftheanimals
individually,​
a.​farfromcamp.
b.​nearwater.
c.​inhighelevations.
d.​closetocamp.
38.TheritualimportanceofChavindeHuántar___________throughtime;thelocalcommunity__________insize.​
a.​decreased/increased
b.​increased/decreased
c.​decreased/decreased
d.​increased/increased
39.Inmorehumidconditions,plantremainsgenerallyarepreservedonlywhentheyhavebeen​
a.​buried.
b.​burned.
c.​soakedinwater.
d.​Noneoftheseanswersarecorrect.
40.​Zooarchaeologybringsanhistoricalperspectivetodecisionsastowhichspeciestosave.Onewayisto
a.​demonstratehowpasthumanpredationandlandscapealterationaffectedanimalpopulations.
b.​demonstratehowpresenthumanpopulationsaredestroyingancientspecies.
c.​demonstratehowancientspeciesfedancientpopulations.
d.​fosterconservationeffortstoprotectendangeredspecies.
41.Afaunalassemblageconsistsoftheplantremainsrecoveredfromanarchaeologicalsite.​
a.True
b.False
42.TherawnumberofidentifiedbonesperspeciesinanarchaeofaunaisknownastheMNI.​
a.True
b.False
43.AtthehighlandsiteofChavíndeHuántar,Peruadeclineintheabundanceofdeerbonesovertimeanda
simultaneousincreaseinthepercentageofllamalegbonestracksatemporalchangeindietandtradethatshows
occupantsofthesiteshiftedfromdoingtheirownhuntingtobeingsuppliedwithdriedmeat.Thisinterpretationis
basedonfaunalanalysisbutalsoethnoarchaeologicalresearchwithlivingpeoplesintheAndesMountains.​
a.True
b.False
44.Pollenanalysisisusedprimarilyforreconstructingpastregionalenvironments.​
a.True
b.False
45.Phytolithanalysisismostusefulforreconstructingarboreal(tree)vegetation.​
a.True
b.False
46.Phytolithsaresmallstonetools,normallyinsetintopiecesofboneorwoodtoformalongworkingedge.​
a.True
b.False
47.Sincewoodratscollectplantmaterialfortheirnestsfromasmuchastwokilometersaway,theyaregood
indicatorsoftheregionalenvironment.​
a.True
b.False
48.Woodratsurinateallovertheirnests,formingalacquer-likecoveringonthenestthatpromotesthepreservationof
organicmaterials.​
a.True
b.False
49.Bylookingatlevelsofsexhormonessuchastestosteroneandprogesteroneincoprolites,wecandetermine
whethertheywereproducedbyamanorawoman.​
a.True
b.False
50.Ingeneral,biasinpreservationmakesreconstructingtheplantcomponentofancientdietsmoredifficultthan
reconstructingthemeatcomponent.​
a.True
b.False
51.Althoughtheanalysisofplantremainsfromarchaeologicalsitescanprovideimportantinformationaboutthe
economiesofprehistoricpopulations,adrawbackofplantremainsisthattheycannotbeusedtoinferritual
significanceorideology.​
a.True
b.False
52.Thelinksbetweenpatternsinthefaunalassemblageandinterpretationsdependsonexperimentalarchaeologyand
ethnoarchaeology.​
a.True
b.False
53.Whatcanthestudyofplantandanimalremainstellarchaeologists?Whyisitnecessarytounderstandpast
environmentalconditionsinordertounderstandprehistoricdiet?​
54.Whatisfaunalanalysis?Howisfaunalanalysisusefulforarchaeologists?Whatinformationcanfaunalanalysis
providearchaeologists?Bespecific.​
55.Howdozooarchaeologistsanalyzearchaeofaunas?Whatkindofinformationdotheycollect?WhatisNISP,and
howisitcalculated?WhatisMNI,andhowisitcalculated?Whichisgenerallyamoreusefulmeasurement,and
why?​
56.Describethedifferentwaysinwhicharchaeologistsdeterminetheseasonoftheyearinwhichasitewasoccupied.
Whyisinformationaboutsiteseasonalityimportant?​
57.Whyareplantmacrofossilsimportanttopaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?Whatkindsofinformationcanbe
gainedthroughtheanalysisofplantmacrofossils?Howareplantmacrofossilsrecoveredfromsites?Underwhat
conditionsareplantmacrofossilspreserved?​
58.Whatispalynology?Whatinformationdoespalynologyprovide,andwhyisthisinformationusefulto
archaeologists?Whataresomepotentialproblemswithinterpretingpollendiagrams?Ispalynologymoreuseful
forprovidinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?​
59.Whyarewoodratnestsusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?Bespecific.Aretheymoreusefulfor
providinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?​
60.Whatarephytoliths?Howdophytolithsform?Howarephytolithsusefulforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?
Aretheymoreusefulforprovidinglocalorregionalrecordsofenvironmentalchange?Why?Whataresomeof
thelimitationsofusingphytolithsforpaleoenvironmentalreconstructions?​
61.Whatarecoprolites?Whatkindofinformationcancoprolitesprovide?Underwhatconditionsarecoprolites
likelytobepreserved?​
62.Isitpossibletounderstandpeople’sinteractionwiththeenvironmentstrictlyineconomicterms?Whyorwhynot?
Whatrolecancultureandideologyplayindeterminingpeople-environmentinteractions?Giveadetailedexample
fromthetext.​