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True / False
1. The cost of prison continues to increase with the rising number of offenders entering the system.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Evaluations of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they
did in regular probation.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The most important issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding
a.
True
b.
False
4. Probation centers are where persistent probation violators reside for short periods of time.
a.
True
b.
False
5. According to the text, there is strong evidence that traditional probation is ineffective with serious offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
6. One strength of intermediate sanctions is that there appears to be little racial, gender, or age bias in their
application.
a.
True
b.
False
7. A day fine lets wealthier offenders off easier than it does the poor since those who have the means can escape
formal punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
8. A continuum of sanctions means that punishments vary in intrusiveness and control.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Community service requires the offender to provide hours of free labor in a public place.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Restitution is compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss.
a.
True
b.
False
11. A majority of Americans approve intermediate sanctions for most forms of nonviolent crime.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Based on recent research efforts, it appears that both state and county agencies cannot really benefit from the use of a
continuum of sanctions.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Administrators of traditional correctional agencies (e.g., jails, prisons, probation) often argue that they should also
administer intermediate sanctions.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Most correctional clients in the United States are under federal correctional authority.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Prison costs more than probation in the United States because it must provide total control over a person’s life in a
way probation cannot.
a.
True
b.
False
16. One of the key problems facing the future of intermediate sanctions and community correction in the United States is
the outright lack of community support.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
17. Pretrial diversion targets mostly what type of offenses?
a.
alcohol
b.
misdemeanor
c.
felony
d.
d. drug
18. Judges may use a range of sanctions from those exerting a low level of control to those exerting a high
level of control.
a.
truth in sentencing
b.
determinate
c.
intermediate
d.
mandatory
19. Implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. They include wider nets, stronger nets,
and:
a.
flatter nets.
b.
taller nets.
c.
weaker nets.
d.
different nets.
20. Offender movement within the continuum of sanctions is contingent upon:
a.
judicial discretion at each level of sentencing accountability.
b.
program availability at each level of sentencing accountability.
c.
performance at each level of sentencing accountability.
d.
all of these.
21. __ refers to a condition that establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either
to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.
a.
Service
b.
Remunerative
c.
Restitution
d.
Recompense
22. Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to:
a.
political attacks by conservative politicians.
b.
budget cuts, since most are perceived as “extras.”
c.
he problem of net widening.
d.
all of these.
23. Early evaluations of intensive supervision reflect which the following?
a.
Offenders are likely to commit a serious offense in six months.
b.
More technical violations occur than with traditional probation.
c.
Little money is saved.
d.
Probation officers dislike the program.
24. Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack:
a.
self-esteem.
b.
decent job skills.
c.
education.
d.
both self-esteem and decent job skills.
25. _______refers to a type of probation granted with conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a
limited caseload.
a.
Home confinement
b.
Shock probation
c.
Intensive supervision
d.
Pretrial diversion
26. Studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll offenders who
would otherwise have been incarcerated.
a.
a majority of
b.
roughly ½ of
c.
a minority of
d.
slightly less than ¾ of
27. What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives intermediate sanctions
over others?
a.
whites and juveniles
b.
men
c.
non-English speakers and immigrants
d.
non-whites and women
28. The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to:
a.
save money.
b.
reduce reliance on prisons.
c.
reduce crime.
d.
both save money and reduce reliance on prisons.
29. Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following with punishment?
a.
probation
b.
prison
c.
parole
d.
house arrest
30. Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate in prison populations.
a.
racial disparities
b.
overcrowding
c.
gang tensions
d.
mental illness
31. The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and
prison is referred to as:
a.
secondary sanctions.
b.
indeterminate sanctions.
c.
primary sanctions.
d.
intermediate sanctions.
32. New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed:
a.
on regular probation.
b.
in prison.
c.
in shock incarceration.
d.
on parole.
33. A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that:
a.
it is too impersonal.
b.
the probation officers don’t really care about the client..
c.
it is inadequate for a large number of offenders
d.
there aren’t enough offenders to make it work.
34. Home confinement is best suited to:
a.
situational offenders.
b.
offenders with substance abuse issues.
c.
offenders with relatively long sentences.
d.
low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences
35. More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are:
a.
in prison.
b.
under community supervision.
c.
women.
d.
mentally ill.
36. Of the following populations, who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and
eventually end up in prison?
a.
the mentally ill
b.
children of people who have been incarcerated
c.
spouses of people who have been incarcerated
d.
indigent people
37. Judges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are:
a.
indeterminate.
b.
too lenient.
c.
limited.
d.
lacking consistency.
38. Over dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States.
a.
25 million
b.
675 million
c.
1 billion
d.
3.7 billion
39. Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known
as:
a.
intensive supervision supervision.
b.
presentence
c.
restricted supervision.supervision.
d.
pretrial diversion
40. Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion, there is an opportunity for:
a.
clemency.
b.
forgiveness.
c.
amnesty.
d.
bias.
41. Alternative sanctions tend to be designed for:
a.
women.
b.
juveniles.
c.
men.
d.
misdemeanants.
42. Most sanctions in Western democracies do not involve:
a.
imprisonment.
b.
probation.
c.
restitution.
d.
community corrections.
43. Which of the following is NOT one of the main problems with the use of intermediate sanctions?
a.
selection of agencies
b.
net widening effect
c.
treatment follow-up
d.
selection of offenders
44. One basic argument for intermediate sanctions is that ______________, as traditionally practiced, is inadequate for a
large number of criminal offenders.
a.
work-release
b.
imprisonment
c.
probation
d.
house arrest
45. The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with sentencing philosophy and:
a.
funding.
b.
creation.
c.
design.
d.
practice.
46. Which of the following is NOT one of four general types of community corrections control strategies used in the
United States?
a.
drugs
b.
human surveillance
c.
electronics
d.
cognitive therapy
Numeric Response
a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young offenders
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on an offender’s income
g. Free labor as compensation
h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
47. ISP
48. Boot camp
49. Continuum of sanctions
50. Day fine
51. Forfeiture
52. Restitution
53. Stakes
54. Principle of interchangeability
55. Community Service
56. Shock Incarceration
57. A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of
and over the offender.
58. measurement makes sure programs are having their intended effects.
59. is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.
60. Community service is for an injury to society by performance of service.
61. Putting a person behind bars costs between 25 and 50 times as much a year as if they were on .
62. ________ practice is an approach to develop supervision and services-based initiatives based on studies
of “what works” to reduce recidivism.
63. In the United States is the most common criminal sanction used.
64. provides incentives for people under community corrections to reduce sentences while completing
programs.
65. is a sum of money that the offenders must pay to the victim or to a public fund.
66. sanctions are used when a client who struggles under community-based alternatives can instead be
monitored through other sanctions such as house arrest rather than return to prison.
67. The most widely used techniques of surveillance and control are established elements of ____________ programs.
68. The differences in the style and philosophy of correctional programs in different localities reflect a basic
truth about law and ___________.
69. refers to a sentence in which the offenders serve terms of incarceration in their own homes.
70. refers to a criminal penalty based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day’s work.
71. is a type of sanction that requires the offender to provide a specified number of hours of free labor in some
public service (e.g., volunteer work clean-ups).
72. _ is a form of sanction that requires compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss caused by an
offender, in the form of payment of money either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims
Essay
73. What does prison offer crime victims? In your opinion, are victims always satisfied with prison as justice?
Why or why not? What types of need might a crime victim have and what types of intermediate sanctions might
meet these needs?
74. According to the authors, what are the three most significant problems facing the intermediate sanctions
movement? Be sure to fully explain each problem in detail. Next, in your opinion, what can be done to address
each issue? Again, be sure to fully explain your answers.
75. List and explain the three justifications for intermediate sanctions. Discuss the pros and cons of each as well
as their overall perceived effectiveness. Based on your opinion, are these justifications sufficient for their
continued adoption and application in corrections? Be sure to fully defend your stance.
76. Discuss one intermediate sanction as imposed by each of the following: the judiciary, probation
departments, and correctional departments. How are these sanctions different and how effective are they as
formal punishments for individual offenders? In your opinion, does each of your three selections warrant
continued use in our correctional system? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
77. There are currently five programmatic incentives suggested by the Pew Charitable Trusts in an effort to
alleviate prison overcrowding. Discuss these five and explain what each means. Determine how effective each
will and will not be in solving the problem of criminal activity as well as recidivism.
78. Describe, in detail, the rationale for non-prison based penalties. Do you agree or disagree with this reasoning? Be sure
to fully explain your answer.
