1. Which of the following, by itself, can be used as reasonable suspicion to conduct a stop?
a. anonymous tip b. flight from police
c. general suspicion d. existence of a wanted poster
2. The “fleeing felon” rule that allowed police officers to shoot any felon
attempting
an escape was
invalidated
by the
Supreme Court’s
ruling in:
a. Dunaway v. New York (1979). b. Brown v. Texas (1979).
c. Tennessee v. Garner (1985). d. State v. MacKenzie (1965).
3. All of the following delineate the point at which an arrest has actually occurred, except:
a. intending to take the person into custody.
b. exercising the authority to do so.
c. detaining or restraining the person to be arrested.
d. informing the arrestee of their rights.
4. Which of the following is not considered when determining if the length of an investigative stop was reasonable?
a. the purpose of the stop
b. whether force was used to stop and detain the suspect
c. the reasonableness of the time used to investigate
d. the reasonableness of the means of investigation
5. Searches at international borders:
a. must be based on reasonable suspicion.
b. must be based on probable cause.
c. may be conducted without probable cause or a warrant.
d. must be conducted randomly.
6. Usually, officers cannot make a lawful arrest:
a. for any crime committed in their presence.
b. for any felony if they have probable cause.
c. with an arrest warrant.
d. for a misdemeanor committed outside their presence.
7. The Supreme Court held that officers who were in hot pursuit of an armed robbery suspect acted reasonably when
they entered the house and began to search for the man because “the Fourth Amendment does not require police
officers to delay in the course of an investigation if to do so would gravely endanger their lives or the lives of
others”
in:
a. Payton v. New York b. Warden v. Hayden
c. United States v. Watson d. Tennessee v. Garner
8. Which of the following is not one of the five
legitimate
uses of force (“Rules of Engagement”)?
a. effectuate an arrest b. prevent escape
c. overcome resistance d. overcome objections
9. The police may not make a
nonconsensual
warrantless arrest inside a person’s home or arrest a guest within that
home without:
a. reasonable suspicion.
b. information that meets the two–pronged test for reliability.
c. justification under the community caretaker exception.
d. exigent circumstances.
10. A study by Police One magazine found that the most commonly used less-than-lethal weapon is:
a. a baton. b. OC spray.
c. the Taser d. the bean bag round.
11. The use of a Taser might be considered unreasonable, excessive force if the subject is:
a. verbally abusive. b. a flight risk.
c. an immediate threat. d. a dangerous felon.
12. Which of the following does not have complete immunity from arrest?
a. Families of foreign diplomats b. Servants of foreign diplomats
c. State legislators d. Foreign diplomats
13. A warrantless arrest that begins in a public place is valid:
a. only with good faith.
b. only with reasonable suspicion.
c. only if the officer witnesses the flight.
d. if probable cause exists, even if the arrestee retreats to a private place.
14. In which of the following scenarios would an officer not be able to make a lawful, warrantless arrest?
a. An officer smells marijuana emanating from the vehicle he just stopped.
b. An officer hears an assault taking place.
c. An officer witnesses a petty larceny.
d. An officer hears a kid talking about the compact disc player he shoplifted last week.
15. If police officers make a stop for a traffic violation and are reasonably suspicious that the situation is dangerous,
they:
a. can order driver and passenger(s) out of the car, but not frisk them.
b. cannot order driver or passenger(s) out of the car or frisk them.
c. can order driver and passenger(s) out of the car and frisk them.
d. can order driver and passenger(s) out of the car; can frisk driver, but not passengers.
16. A(n) is a situation where the police take someone in for questioning in a manner that is, in
reality, an arrest:
a. pretext arrest b. ulterior motive seizure
c. de facto arrest d. material witness seizure
17. A Terry stop requires:
a. reasonable suspicion. b. informational probable cause.
c. observational probable cause. d. corroborating information.
18. In Florida v. J.L., the Supreme Court ruled that Terry stops:
a. can be justified by an anonymous tip.
b. cannot be justified solely by an anonymous tip.
c. only require probable cause.
d. can be justified by an anonymous tip about deadly weapons only.
19. Police may use deadly force against fleeing felons:
a. if the pursuit enters another jurisdiction.
b. if the police fear the felon would otherwise escape.
c. only if the suspect presents an imminent danger to life.
d. if state law requires it.
20. In Illinois v. Wardlow, the Supreme Court ruled that unexplained flight from the police:
a. is a constitutional right.
b. does not, by itself, create reasonable suspicion
c. in itself establishes reasonable suspicion.
d. indicates, without exception, wrongdoing and establishes probable cause.
21. In United States v. Sharpe the Court ruled that a stop:
a. has no rigid time limit. b. has no time limit.
c. can be no longer than 20 minutes. d. can be no longer than 75 minutes.
22. When would a traffic stop require Miranda warnings?
a. An officer is asking for consent to search the vehicle.
b. The officer is going to arrest the driver.
c. Miranda warnings are not required for traffic stops.
d. A records check reveals an expired license.
23. The Supreme Court held that “In terms that apply equally to seizures of property and to seizures of persons, the
Fourth
Amendment
has drawn a firm line at the entrance to the
house…Absent
exigent
circumstances,
that
threshold may not reasonably be crossed without a warrant” in:
a. Payton v. New York b. Illinois v. Wardlow
c. United States v. Watson d. Tennessee v. Garner
24. Officers must have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity to
demonstrate reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop under the:
a. totality of the circumstances test b. articulable probable cause test
c. presumptively reasonable standard d. objectively reasonable standard.
25. Roadblocks have been found to be constitutional if their purpose is to check for:
a. drugs. b. drunk drivers.
c. illegal weapons. d. criminal activity.
26. A situation in which the police take someone in for questioning in a manner that is, in reality an arrest, but without
the requisite probable cause (and therefore illegal) is called:
a. an augmented stop. b. a seizure incident to arrest.
c. detention tantamount to arrest. d. pre-arrest detention.
27. Some states allow officers to arrest for a misdemeanor not committed in their presence in the case of:
a. domestic assault. b. reckless driving.
c. drug possession. d. illegal immigrants.
28. Police may make a warrantless arrest based on probable cause in all of the following circumstances, except:
a. felony committed in their presence.
b. an unwitnessed felony.
c. most misdemeanors occurring outside their presence.
d. any crime in their presence.
29. The circumstances in which officers leave their jurisdiction and enter another to make an arrest of a felon who
committed
the felony in the
officers’ jurisdiction
and then fled across
jurisdictional
lines is called:
a. fresh pursuit b. hot pursuit
c. continuous pursuit d. unabated pursuit
30. An arrest is an informal restraint on a person’s liberty of movement.
a. True
b. False
31. A stop is a seizure of the person within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
32. A seizure is not necessarily an arrest, but all arrests are seizures.
a. True
b. False
33. The only justification for the use of deadly force is self–defense.
a. True
b. False
34. For an investigatory stop to be constitutional, the officer must have articulable probable cause.
a. True
b. False
35. An officer’s hot pursuit of a suspect cannot legally continue past the threshold to a private residence without a
warrant.
a. True
b. False
36. Officers may use deadly force to terminate a dangerous, high-speed vehicle pursuit.
a. True
b. False
37. Miranda warnings must be given during traffic stops if information is about to reveal probable cause to arrest.
a. True
b. False
38. De facto arrests are legal since officers are in the process of developing probable cause.
a. True
b. False
39. Checkpoints at or near international borders require justification to stop all vehicles.
a. True
b. False
40. An estimated 95 percent of all arrests are made .
41. Police may not enter a private home without the appropriate warrant(s) to make a routine felony arrest unless
exist.
42. The length of an investigative detention should be measured in .
43. Stopping a vehicle to search for evidence of a crime under the guise of a traffic stop is called a .
44. When a reasonable person believes he or she is not free to leave, a(n) has occurred.
45. Common law has held that anyone witnessing certain crimes may make a(n) and then turn that
individual over to authorities.
46. A situation in which the police take someone in for questioning in a manner that is, in reality, an arrest, but without
the requisite probable cause is called .
47. A(n) is the taking of a person into custody for the purpose of holding him to answer a criminal charge.
48. Police officers are allowed, without reasonable suspicion of any criminal acts, to approach and detain citizens for
purposes.
49. Police may arrest for an unwitnessed felony based on .
50. Compare and contrast a stop and an arrest.
51. Explain when vehicles may be stopped and what officers can and cannot do.
52. Discuss the controversial topic of use of force and the landmark cases guiding officer behavior.
53. List the elements of an arrest.
54. Explain when an arrest may be made.
56. Some states do not require that a person submit to or be in the physical control of an officer to be considered
seized.
a. True
b. False
57. Arresting a person requires probable cause to justify the seizure and a warrant is preferable, but not required.
a. True
b. False
58. When stopping in individual based on reasonable suspicion, the police officer may search the individual‘s outer
clothing as well as the area within the suspect’s
immediate
control.
a. True
b. False
59. A warrant is generally required to stop and frisk an individual based on reasonable suspicion.
a. True
b. False
60. Although a stop and an arrest are quite different, they are both regulated by the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
61. The elements of a seizure include
a. intending to seize the object or person.
b. a warrant.
c. an arrest.
d. a prior warning.
62. The brief detention of a person based on specific and articulable facts for the purpose of investigating suspicious
activity is known as
a. a BOLO.
b. an arrest.
c. an interview.
d. a stop.
63. Since a stop is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, it requires
a. police involvement.
b. reasonableness.
c. adverse possession.
d. clear and convincing evidence.
64. In Adams v. Williams, the Court held that the requisite suspicion to make a stop can be established by
a. an anonymous phone call.
b. a jailhouse confession.
c. personal observation by a police officer.
d. an informant‘s tip.
65. Courts in some states have upheld vehicle stops on a suspected drunk driver based on
a. anonymous tips.
b. broken glass.
c. a urinalysis.
d. Facebook entries.
66. Though there is no rigorous time limit on how long a person may be detained, factors to be considered include the
reasonableness of the time used for the investigation that officers wish to conduct, the reasonableness of the means
of investigation used by the officer, and the .
67. Means v. McDonald held that a stop may last as long as in serious cases.
68. If a police officer stops a person based on reasonable suspicion that the person was recently involved in an active
indecent exposure, the stop would be justified, but a might not be.
69. Because a traffic stop is brief and occurs in public, it is not considered an requiring Miranda warnings.
70. When a vehicle is subject to a traffic stop, a passenger in a vehicle is considered for the purposes of
the Fourth Amendment.
71. You are a police officer and have pulled over a motorist on suspicion of drunk driving, based on your personal
observation of the car weaving and repeatedly crossing the double yellow line in the middle of the road. When you
approach the vehicle, the driver gets out of the car and starts to run away. Assume that you are authorized under
state law to “shoot to injure” a fleeing suspect. What would you do? Why? What if shooting to injure was the only
way to stop the suspect? Would this change your answer?
72. A citizen was killed with three shots fired by a police officer, who was investigating a break-in at the scene of the
shooting. The deceased was actually the homeowner who had called the police in the first place. The police
officer is quite
distraught.
Relate the story from the
responding
police officer’s
perspective
that would provide
sufficient facts to justify the killing.
73. You are preparing to train new police officers on the use of force. Using the Graham factors, explain how a
Court will look at the reasonableness of force used by a police officer. Also provide an example to the class of a
failure to meet the standard.
74. You are a senior police officer in the department and have been tasked by the Chief of Police to draft a policy on
how police officers should deal with high-speed chases. There have been several complaints and newspaper
articles about recent car chases that ended in the death or serious injury of the drivers. Additionally, some citizens
are concerned that high-speed chases in residential neighborhoods are a danger to children and others. You know
that many important arrests have been made as a result of such chases. Write a short policy on high–speed chases,
explaining what police officers should do and justifying the policy.
75. You are a sheriff and have been receiving complaints about your deputies. It appears that half of the stops and
arrests have been of African-American youths, though this minority is only 10% of the population in your county.
Citizens are charging your department with racism and racial profiling. You have every confidence that your
deputies are acting with professionalism, but the mayor has asked that you write a justification for this
disproportionate impact on minority groups in the area. What would you include in this note to the mayor?