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True / False
1. According to the conflict view, crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper
classes at the expense of the poor.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Contemporary critical criminologists try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and to express the
connection between social class, crime, and social control.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Instrumentalists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor,
have-not members of society.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justice—that is, to unmask its true purpose.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect’s race is an important factor in shaping
justice system decision making.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the population by spurring job creation
and surplus value.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression and
now presents, according to critical thinkers, a threat to the world economy.
a.
True
b.
False
9. It is illegal for the police to monitor people in public places with cameras and secretly record their activities.
a.
True
b.
False
10. An example of state organized crime would be Japan's attack of China in order to secure wealth and resources which
helped escalate World War II.
a.
True
b.
False
11. According to research in the text by Shelley, globalization consists of two elements; electronic and state organized.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Critical criminologist who focuses on state (organized) crime contends that a government might go to war to support
the capitalist classes who need the wealth and resources of other nations.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The CIA has been known to send terror suspects to foreign prisons where they can be subjected to harsh interrogation
tactics that are forbidden by the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
14. State-corporate crime is committed by individuals who abuse their state authority or who fail to exercise it when
working with people and organizations in the private sector.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Edward Snowden is most known for releasing information of the NSA’s information collection program in which
hundreds of millions of people worldwide fell victim to the U.S. illegal domestic and foreign surveillance activities.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Dropout factories consist of high schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less.
a.
True
b.
False
17. According to the text, unemployed racial minorities may be perceived as "social dynamite" who present a real threat to
society and must be controlled and incapacitated.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Left realists are conflict scholars who view the police and the courts as inherent evil tools of capitalism whose tough
tactics alienate the lower classes.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Preemptive deterrence refers to efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Left realists support a strict “law and order” philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a policy of punishing juveniles
severely in adult court.
a.
True
b.
False
21. According to Hagan and his associates, within the paternalistic home, mothers are expected to control the behavior of
their sons while granting greater freedom to daughters.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Hegemonic masculinity refers to belief that each culture creates its own ideal version of what male behavior should
be.
a.
True
b.
False
23. According to critical feminist theory, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money.
a.
True
b.
False
24. In paternalistic families, mothers assume the traditional role as breadwinners, which leads to interpersonal crimes such
as domestic violence and simple assaults among family members.
a.
True
b.
False
25. In reference to masculinity and crime, crime is a vehicle for me to “do gender” because it separates the weak and
allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.
a.
True
b.
False
26. Critical feminism views gender inequality as stemming from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist
society.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Peacemaking criminologists seek nonviolent, humane alternatives to coercive punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
28. Most restorative justice programs are located within the juvenile justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
29. John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy called "behavior reshaping" in
which juveniles are displaced from the antisocial peers which increase their criminal offending.
a.
True
b.
False
30. Research has shown that family group conferencing is the least effective form of restoration because it is the only
restoration program set entirely in a formal criminal justice setting (i.e., a courtroom).
a.
True
b.
False
31. According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by ______.
a.
creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society
b.
encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor
c.
decreasing the value of corporate profits
d.
decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality
32. Which of the following is not a basic concern of critical criminologists?
a.
The increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law
b.
The role the government plays in creating a crimogenic environment
c.
The relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
d.
The prevalence of bias in justice system operations
33. The social ferment of the ____ gave birth to critical criminology.
a.
1930s
b.
1940s
c.
1950s
d.
1960s
34. Instrumental theorists consider it essential to __________ law and justice—that is, to unmask its true purpose.
a.
decertify
b.
demystify
c.
debunk
d.
decode
35. ____________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity
a.
Positivists
b.
Classical
c.
Critical
d.
Social
36. The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young’s __________ in 1973 gave a powerful boost to the conflict view and
created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and aiding
the oppression of the poor and powerless.
a.
The New Criminology
b.
Left Realism in the Seventies
c.
Feminism and the Law
d.
The Social Reality of Crime
37. According to critical theorists, crime is a ______.
a.
legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression
b.
an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest punishments to those who
inflict the most social harm
c.
political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes
d.
philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society
38. According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are
certainly arrested and punished more often.
a.
Left realism
b.
Critical feminism
c.
Instrumental
d.
Structural
39. What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?
a.
Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for controlling the lower class.
b.
Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich against the poor.
c.
Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation.
d.
Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.
40. Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crimes?
a.
White-collar crimes
b.
Environmental crimes
c.
War crimes
d.
Predatory street crimes
41. Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or to
enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed _______.
a.
excess abundance
b.
surplus value
c.
profit distribution
d.
differential wealth
42. Displacement of workings by pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream is known as ______.
a.
marginalization
b.
double marginality
c.
surplus value
d.
ostracism
43. Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists
find problematic?
a.
Sexism
b.
Industrialization
c.
Mechanization
d.
Surplus value
44. Critical theorists question the altruism of multinational corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of
______.
a.
mechanization
b.
globalization
c.
immigration
d.
technological communications
45. ____ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race,
class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
a.
Power-control crime
b.
State (organized) crime
c.
Instrumental theory
d.
Structural theory
46. The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects is
called ______.
a.
extraordinary rendition
b.
state compromised rendition
c.
extraordinary extradition
d.
state compromised extradition
47. When a government or political authority makes use of death squads to kill political opponents, dissenters, or other
undesirables, what type of crime has been committed?
a.
Political corruption
b.
Torture
c.
State violence
d.
Illegal domestic surveillance
48. High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less are known as ______.
a.
dropout factories
b.
field fiasco
c.
college factories
d.
delinquent factories
49. Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement are known as ______.
a.
preemptive deterrence
b.
general deterrence
c.
specific deterrence
d.
perspective deterrence
50. __________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in
terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.
a.
Left realism
b.
Critical feminism
c.
Supranational criminology
d.
Restorative justice
51. John Hagan’s critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality. According to Hagan's
power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and delinquency?
a.
Race/ethnicity and social status
b.
Class position and economic ability
c.
Education level and family status
d.
Class position and family functions
52. Girls growing up in ______ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these
families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.
a.
paternalistic families
b.
matriarchal families
c.
egalitarian families
d.
capitalist families
53. According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors
that of their brothers?
a.
Paternalistic families
b.
Matriarchal families
c.
Egalitarian families
d.
Capitalist families
54. Power-control theory is most credited to ______.
a.
John Hagan
b.
Robert Merton
c.
Meda Chesney-Lind
d.
Jake Gibbs
55. John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that ______.
a.
the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class
b.
the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality
c.
the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their
economic status
d.
critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society
56. Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely
resembles the __________ approach.
a.
social structure
b.
relative deprivation
c.
cultural deviance
d.
social learning
57. Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as ______.
a.
an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes
b.
encouraging crime rather than discouraging it
c.
focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status
d.
efforts to repair severed relationships in society
58. Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?
a.
Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade.
b.
Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American, and Native Canadian
communities for centuries.
c.
While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States.
d.
According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for all.
59. Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________, whereby groups of tribal
elders, victims, and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused
of breaking the law.
a.
a sentencing circle
b.
a tribal circle
c.
a community circle
d.
a resolution circle
60. Jackson and Olivia are high school sweethearts who married at the age of 21. Both graduated from college with
degrees in pharmacy (Jackson) and nursing (Oliva) and work in their respected professions. They reside in near
Philadelphia, PA and are currently 30 years old and have two children, Braden (7) and Brently (6). Using this information,
answer the following questions. Given the educational background and salaries of both in their fields, if it is assumed
Jackson and Olivia share duties in the home as well, this would be an example of a/an ________________.
a.
paternalistic family
b.
egalitarian family
c.
democratic family
d.
peacemaking family
61. Jackson believes that he must work hard, be competitive, and show dominance, because culturally normative beliefs
say so about male behavior. This is an example of ______.
a.
hegemonic masculinity
b.
aristocratic masculinity
c.
hegemonic feminism
d.
aristocratic feminism
62. The struggle for power in society is often referred to as _________________; better defined as human behavior in
social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups.
63. ________________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political
disparity.
64. The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others is known as _________________.
65. ______________ theorists are critical criminologists who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system
operating in an efficient manner.
66. Comprising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system, ____________________
criminology is believed by some to be its own specialization because of the special attention needed to be paid to such
crimes.
67. The excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners are known as
______________.
68. Criminal acts committed by government officials are known as _______________.
69. __________________ is the practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the
interrogation of suspects.
70. Schools where the completion rate is consistently below 40 percent are known as _____________.
71. _________________ deterrence refers to the efforts of preventing crime through community organization and youth
involvement.
72. Developed by Hagan, ___________________ theory maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family
explains gender differences in the crime rate.
73. A ______________ society is one governed or controlled by men.
74. _________________ is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.
75. Paul and Amy have been married for seven years and have one small child. They share the duties and responsibilities
of raising the child, discipline, finances, and work. Under power-control theory, this is most likely a/an
__________________________ family.
76. Families in which couples share similar positions of power at home and at work are referred to as ________________
households.
77. To members of the __________________ movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a just society
drawn from religious and philosophical readings.
78. The concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the
social mainstream is referred to as _________________________.
79. ____________________ is a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and
members of the community.
80. ________________________ is a view that focuses on the needs of victims, the community, and offenders, and
focuses on nonpunitive strategies to heal the wounds caused by crime.
81. The main goal of ______________________ is to formulate a plan about how best to deal with offending and
involves a conference style setting made up of the criminal, members of his or her family, and victim and their
representative, and usually a mediator and a member of the police department.
82. Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.
83. What are the four primary issues that critical criminologists are concerned with in regard to social class, crime, and
social control?
84. Using the Profiles in Crime section of the text titled "I Can't Breathe," explain how the Eric Garner case and the events
which transpired in the months following his death can explain the toll conflict takes on society.
85. One group of critical theorists is referred to as instrumentalists. Why do instrumentalists consider it essential to
demystify law and justice?
86. Explain the role of Karl Marx and his vision of economic inequality and how this ideology had a profound influence
on twentieth-century schools of thought.
87. Compare and contrast instrumental and structural theories.
88. How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical criminology specialization called
supranational criminology.
89. Compare and contrast the terms surplus value and marginalization and discuss the role each plays with crime and
criminality.
90. Describe how globalization is linked to crime and criminality.
91. Define the term “state (organized) crime” and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella of
state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.
92. Choose and explain an example of state organized crime. In your explanation, describe how this crime changed the
structure of American society? Criminality? Conformity?
93. Explain how illegal domestic surveillance is considered part of state (organized) crime.
94. Explain how race and racism are viewed in critical criminology.
95. One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns of left realism criminologists
and how does left realism differ from other critical theories?
96. What is meant by left realism? Where did the theory originate and how is it best explained in relation to crime?
97. Explain the critical feminist view of crime. Include in your response how gender inequality accounts for crimes
committed against women and for the crimes that women commit.
98. Explain Hagan’s power-control theory and its relation to crime and criminality.
99. Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect of peacemaking criminology.
100. Explain how reintegrative shaming is considered a part of restorative justice. Provide an example scenario of
reintegrative shaming in practice.
