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True / False
1. During the sentencing phase of a revocation hearing, the judge decides whether to impose a term of
incarceration and if so, for how long.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Those on probation tend to be low-level offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Sixty percent of probation sentences are received directly from the judge.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The law enforcer role of probation focuses on surveillance and control of the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
5. At a revocation hearing, the facts of the allegation are heard and decided.
a.
True
b.
False
6. A defendant’s preliminary hearing can be waived.
a.
True
b.
False
7. PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender’s
action.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Probation officers rely upon their authority because they have little substantive power.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Programs that fail to follow the “five principles of effective programs” often make recidivism rates increase.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a therapy program.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Based on strong support for the use of case management systems, most U.S. probation officers use case management
principles when supervising their probationers.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The most common sentencing option used by U.S. judges today is intensive supervised probation.
a.
True
b.
False
14. In this country, probation began with the innovative work of Jeremy Bentham, an English boot-maker, who was the
first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the London Police Court in 1841.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Originating in the court, the first U.S. probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county
governments, primarily in the eastern United States.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Presentences investigation reports must always be carried out by probation officers who work for the judicial branch
of the government.
a.
True
b.
False
17. What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City?
a.
77 probationers per officer
b.
114 probationers per officer
c.
162 probationers per officer
d.
249 probationers per officer
18. Who was the first person to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the Boston Police Court in
1841?
a.
John Augustus
b.
John Howard
c.
Zebulon Brockway
d.
Jeremy Bentham
19. Probation was originally used mainly for:
a.
first-time offenders.
b.
violent offenders.
c.
low-level offenders.
d.
guilty offenders.
20. The majority of probationers in the United States today are:
a.
white and female.
b.
African American and male.
c.
white and male.
d.
Latino and male.
21. conditions provide constraints on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness of probation
including fines, community service, and restitution.
a.
Standard
b.
Technical
c.
Punitive
d.
Treatment
22. is a drug that inhibits drinking.
a.
Methadone
b.
Cocaine
c.
Antabuse
d.
Malabuse
23. conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem
and need such as substance abuse.
a.
Standard
b.
Technical
c.
Treatment
d.
Punitive
24. In many states the defense a copy of the PSI report.
a.
produces
b.
has total access to
c.
does not receive
d.
has no interest in
25. Which of the following is an argument for a centralized probation authority?
a.
Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times.
b.
It is able to train staff for a variety of roles.
c.
It is able to implement broader program with greater equality in supervision and services.
d.
all of these
26. conditions provide constraints on probationers including reporting to the probation office, change of
address, employment, and not leaving a jurisdiction.
a.
Standard
b.
Technical
c.
Treatment
d.
Punitive
27. In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the
presentence investigation report?
a.
Williams v. New York
b.
Morrisey v. Brewer
c.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d.
Bell v. Wolfish
28. A probation officer faces role conflict every day around:
a.
the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender.
b.
the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
c.
personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job.
d.
investments of time by the probation officer with respect to presentence investigation reports and counseling
offenders.
29. The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis
on:
a.
power.
b.
authority.
c.
individual rights.
d.
public safety.
30. In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?
a.
The probationer completes the period of probation.
b.
Probation caseloads are so large that some probationers have their probation terminated.
c.
The probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
d.
Both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits some misbehavior that
warrants the probation be terminated.
31. Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?
a.
probation
b.
supervision conditions
c.
home detention
d.
presentence investigation
32. The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
a.
the 1920s through 1930s
b.
the 1980s through 1990s
c.
the 1940s through 1960s
d.
the 1970s through 1980s
33. Depending on the state, probation may be:
a.
centralized or decentralized.
b.
administered by judiciary or executive branch.
c.
combined with parole services.
d.
all of these.
34. Between 1200 and 1827, English law:
a.
discriminated against the upper social classes.
b.
strove for equality in all matters.
c.
discriminated against monks, nuns, and priests.
d.
discriminated in favor of the upper social classes.
35. Judicial reprieve in the United States:
a.
found widespread use in the late 1800s.
b.
was the source of widespread judicial corruption during the early 1900s.
c.
was never fully enacted.
d.
was declared unconstitutional in 1916.
36. Recognizance was first used in court to recognize a formally recorded to perform some act entered by a
judge to permit an offender to live in the community.
a.
duty
b.
obligation
c.
contract
d.
debt
37. supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
a.
Punitive
b.
Medical
c.
Decreased reliance on
d.
Specialization of
38. Risk management combines values of the ___________ model of the criminal sanction with the idea that the
community deserves protection.
a.
community
b.
just deserts
c.
restorative
d.
medical
39. The approved practice for handling revocation of probation:
a.
is usually done in the judge’s chamber.
b.
proceeds in three stages.
c.
is to take the offender directly to jail.
d.
has been found unconstitutional.
40. Project HOPE is a specialized approach that identifies the high-risk, chronic violator for close supervision
augmented by regular:
a.
home visits.
b.
court reporting.
c.
drug testing.
d.
ankle monitoring.
41. According to the authors, there are now some technological advances in probation to monitor the actions of
probations. These include:
a.
iris scans.
b.
inserted microchips in the skin.
c.
video conferencing.
d.
ankle bracelets.
42. The most extensively used form of correctional control in this country is:
a.
probation.
b.
parole.
c.
prison.
d.
jail.
43. Which of the following was NOT one of the many innovative ideas of our nation’s first probation officer, John
Augustus?
a.
social casework
b.
presentence investigation reports
c.
system of parole
d.
revocation of probation
44. _____________________ incarceration refers to when an offender on probation spends nights and weekends in a local
jail.
a.
Modified
b.
Shock
c.
Indeterminate
d.
Intermittent
45. Today about _________ of those on probation have been convicted of a violent offense.
a.
one-fifth
b.
three-quarters
c.
one-third
d.
one-half
46. The organization of probation involves three key issues, except for whether it should be:
a.
paid for by offender.
b.
centralized vs. decentralized.
c.
combined with parole.
d.
administered by the judiciary or executive branch.
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
47. Technical violation
48. Standard conditions
49. Punitive conditions
50. Treatment conditions
51. Performance-based supervision
52. Community justice
53. John Augustus
54. Motivational interviewing
55. Judicial reprieve
56. Recognizance
57. The ability to influence a person’s actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as .
58. increases the effectiveness of correctional treatment by having the probation officer interact with the
client while promoting the client’s change process.
59. The offender’s response to ____________ strongly influences the overall effectiveness of probation.
60. There are several techniques used to determine whether someone is using drugs while on probation. One
technique includes .
61. A(n) is now a standard in the PSI, where an interview is conducted by the probation officer with the
victim of the crime.
62. investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.
63. The dual functions of probation are and .
64. The chief conflict for a probation officer’s role, which include enforcing the law and helping the offender, is
authority and .
65. The PSI plays its most important role for the judge in the _______________ process.
66. _______________________ conditions are constraints imposed on the probationer to force him or her to deal with a
significant problem or need, such as substance abuse.
67. _________________ conditions are constraints imposed on the probationers to increase the restrictiveness or
painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.
68. ______________________ constraints are the legal conditions of probation that are set by the court or written into
law.
69. ___________________ refers to the return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new
arrests or other problems with the law.
70. ___________________ systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on client problems, which are
indentified using a standardized assessment of probationer risks and needs.
71. __________________ refers to the process by which private investigative firms contract convicted offenders to
conduct comprehensive background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options as alternatives to
incarceration
72. ______________ is the idea that instead of imprisonment, the offender is allowed to live in the community under
supervision and must demonstrate a willingness to abide by its laws.
73. __________________ refers to when an offender is sentenced to incarceration, is released after a short period of
confinement, and resentenced to probation.
74. Explain what is meant by revocation of probation. List and discuss the ways one could have their probation
revoked? In your opinion, should all violators be given additional chances regardless of the number of times
they have violated their probation? Why or why not?
75. Based on your having read the chapter, what is your overall opinion regarding the effectiveness of
probation? Where do you see the practice of probation ten years from now—especially its frequency of usage?
Based on your response, is this a positive or a negative? Be sure to clearly explain your answer.
76. Who was John Augustus and how did his efforts change corrections in America? Be sure to identify the innovations
and practices originated by his work. Why were these developments so remarkable? How have they shaped
corrections over a century later?
77. Explain the two primary functions of probation and how those functions are carried out. In addition, please
discuss the conflict created by the differing goals of these two functions. How have organizations dealt with the
conflict produced by the differing goals?
78. Discuss the role of the probation officer, in terms of both the investigative function and the supervisory
function. Which is more effective and why? Why is the other not as effective? If you were a probation officer,
which do you feel would occupy most of your time and why?
