Multiple Choice
1. In most instances, how large of a discrepancy is required for a student to be identified
with a learning disability?
A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 3 years
2. Which phase focused on the study of brain functions and impact on cognitive
impairments?
A) Foundation phase
B) Transition phase
C) Integration phase
D) Current phase
3. What is the percentage of the school-aged population receiving special education who are
classified as having a learning disability?
A) 3.5%
B) 4%
C) 2.5%
D) 2%
4. When Susan was 4 years old, she fell and suffered a serious head injury. Through a
thorough assessment process, Susan was identified with a learning disability at age 11.
The etiology of the learning disability would most likely be attributed to what category?
A) Acquired trauma
B) Genetic/hereditary influences
C) Biochemical abnormalities
D) Environmental possibilities
5. Juan was identified with a learning disability at age 10. When interviewing his mother,
she disclosed that his father and other relatives had significant difficulties in reading and
spelling. The etiology of the learning disability would most likely be attributed to what
category?
A) Acquired trauma
B) Genetic/hereditary influences
C) Biochemical abnormalities
D) Environmental possibilities
6. Which learning disability is associated with a severe difficulty in recognizing and
comprehending written words?
A) Phonemic awareness
B) Phonological awareness
C) Dyscalculia
D) Dyslexia
7. Understanding the rules that govern the correspondence between specific sounds and
certain letters that make up words is associated with
A) Phonemic awareness
B) Phonological awareness
C) Dyscalculia
D) Dyslexia
8. What percentage of students with learning disabilities receive services because of
difficulties in mathematics?
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
9. A difficulty in using language correctly in social situations is referred to as a deficit in
A) Oral expression
B) Spoken language
C) Syntax
D) Pragmatics
10. What is the ability to evaluate and monitor one’s own performance?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Metacognition
C) Self-assessment
D) Self-cognition
11. What has developed when a student anticipates failure, frequently gives up, and may not
attempt to complete a task?
A) Learned helplessness
B) Cognitive dysfunction
C) Motivation reduction
D) Cognitive repression
12. What emerging method of identifying a learning disability was supported with the
reauthorization of IDEA 2004?
A) Severe discrepancy
B) Progress monitoring
C) Response to intervention
D) Disability assessment
13. George was suspected of having a learning disability. His teachers provided a series of
instructional interventions to support his academic progress. How will his teachers
determine the efficacy of these interventions?
A) Assessments
B) Progress monitoring
C) Interviews
D) Unit tests
14. What is the suggested length for the delivery of tier 2 interventions to determine the
effectiveness?
A) 5 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 15 weeks
D) As long as necessary
15. Joan is receiving tier 1 interventions. Who is the person most likely to deliver this
support?
A) Special educator
B) General educator
C) Counselor
D) Reading specialist
16. How often should progress monitoring occur on the target skill to ensure adequate
progress and learning?
A) Once a semester
B) Once every 9 weeks
C) Once a month
D) Twice a month
17. The response to intervention (RTI) model shifts from what concept that is attributed to
the discrepancy model?
A) Wait to fail
B) Believe and achieve
C) Efficient identification
D) Under-identification
18. What assessment is based on Objective:s found in the local school curriculum?
A) Norm referenced
B) Curriculum based
C) Criterion referenced
D) Authentic
19. What is the most common location for the delivery of services for students with learning
disabilities?
A) General education classroom
B) Collaborative classroom
C) Resource classroom
D) Separate school setting
20. What instructional technique is frequently associated with cognitive training?
A) Direct instruction
B) Strategic instruction
C) Self-instruction
D) Guided notes
21. Sherry has difficulty maintaining attention during an instructional lesson. What
instructional model would be appropriate?
A) Direct instruction
B) Strategic instruction
C) Self-instruction
D) Guided notes
22. What is the focus of the learning strategies approach?
A) When to learn
B) What to learn
C) Why to learn
D) How to learn
23. Select a critical component for effectively including students with learning disabilities in
the general classroom.
A) Extended time on assignments
B) Sufficient planning time with the general education and special education teachers
C) Assistive technology
D) Availability of manipulatives
24. What factor(s) may place a child at risk for a learning disability?
A) Maternal alcohol and drug abuse
B) Chronic poverty
C) Low birth weight
D) All of the above
25. Select the identification label for young children who evidence a persistent learning
difficulty.
A) Autism
B) Behaviorally delayed
C) Developmentally delayed
D) Learning disability
26. What curriculum model views cognitive development as resulting from maturation
coupled with the child’s interaction with the environment?
A) Functional curriculum
B) Behavioral curriculum
C) Developmental/cognitive model
D) Environmental interaction model
27. Select the challenge that is not associated with students with learning disabilities.
A) Working independently with little feedback
B) Demonstrating knowledge through tests
C) Receiving instruction with typical peers
D) Interacting appropriately
28. Nita has a learning disability and is enrolled in a community college and has not
performed well on her unit tests. What is an accommodation that may support her
learning?
A) Extra time on exams
B) Taking the exam in a distraction-free room
C) Taking the exam in a different format
D) All of the above
29. Most families of students with learning disabilities are
A) Dysfunctional
B) Well adjusted
C) Upper income
D) Median income
30. Which phrase best describes the history of learning disabilities?
A) A relatively recent concept
B) Known and treated for over a century
C) Easy to diagnose and treat
D) It rarely occurs anymore
31. Who coined the term learning disability?
A) James T. Kirk
B) Thomas Edison
C) Samuel Kirk
D) Howard Gardner
32. According to the text, all of the following people are suspected of having a learning
disability except
A) Albert Einstein
B) Tom Cruise
C) Tom Selleck
D) Bruce Jenner
33. Which of the following competency areas, in which there is discrepancy in achievement,
could possibly indicate a learning disability?
A) Musical comprehension
B) Athletic intelligence
C) Geographical deficiencies
D) Written expression
34. One central component is the idea of a ______________________ between the student’s
academic performance and his or her estimated or assumed ability or potential.
A) Difference
B) Discrepancy
C) Disability
D) Disintegration
35. Learning disabilities tend to be
A) Short in duration
B) Easy to see
C) Life threatening
D) A chronic condition
36. All of the following are common components of the definition of learning disabilities
except
A) Presence of intellectual disabilities
B) Discrepancy between assumed ability and actual achievement
C) Difficulty in learning in one or more subject areas
D) Presumption of central nervous system dysfunction
37. Which of the four phases, in the development of the field of learning disabilities, is
marked by developing assessment instruments and remediation strategies?
A) Transition
B) Current
C) Foundation
D) Integration
38. What percentage of children receiving a special education is classified with learning
disabilities?
A) 80.5%
B) 10.2%
C) 40.7%
D) 50.2%
39. What an individual believes about what contributes to his or her success or failure on a
task is known as
A) Metacognition
B) Meta-analysis
C) Pragmatics
D) Attribution
40. A form of alternative assessment thought to provide a more accurate representation of
what a student can accomplish is
A) Authentic
B) Curriculum based
C) Criterion referenced
D) Norm referenced
41. When assessing the presence of a disability, the ___________________ between the
student’s academic performance and the estimated potential is considered.
A) Discrepancy
B) Transition
C) Communication
D) Training
42. Select the characteristic that is not associated with the definition of learning disabilities.
A) Reading comprehension problems
B) Attention issues
C) IQ of 70 or less
D) Poor social skills
43. _______________ memory requires an individual to retain information while
simultaneously engaging in another cognitive activity.
A) Long-term
B) Short-term
C) Working
D) Transitory
44. In tier ___, preventive instruction is delivered to all students.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
45. _______________ is the key to meeting the instructional needs of students with learning
disabilities.
A) Identification
B) Individualization
C) Preparation
D) Separation
46. A specialist in neurology who hypothesized that language disorders in children were due
to the absence of cerebral dominance:
A) Samuel Orton
B) Grace Fernald
C) Newell Kephart
D) Marianne Frostig
47. All are steps typically used during cognitive training except
A) Pupil performs the task with teacher providing verbal directions
B) Child performs the activity while verbalizing aloud
C) Pupil performs the activity while silent
D) Child monitors and self-evaluates
48. __________ approach stresses behaviors that have immediate relevance for students as
they confront the demands of their natural environment.
A) Functional curriculum
B) Behavioral curriculum
C) Developmental/cognitive
D) Behavioral/cognitive
49. PL 108-446 mandates that a ______ be part of each adolescent’s IEP.
A) Speech therapy plan
B) Transition plan
C) Individualized family plan
D) Physical therapy plan