1. The Fourth Amendment contains two critical legal concepts: a prohibition against unreasonable searches and
seizures and:
a. a trial by a jury of peers.
b. prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
c. requirement of probable cause to make an arrest.
d. requirement of reasonable suspicion to make an arrest.
2. When police are conducting a search or seizure, they must be:
a. analytical. b. fair.
c. quiet. d. reasonable.
3. Reasonable grounds to believe the existence of facts warranting certain actions, such as the search or arrest of a
person, is:
a. reasonable suspicion. b. probable cause.
c. search cause. d. clear and convincing evidence.
4. The Fourth Amendment protects against:
a. double jeopardy. b. unreasonable search and seizure.
c. cruel and unusual punishment. d. self–incrimination.
5. Generally speaking, which of the four sources of probable cause mentioned in the text is not strong enough to stand
alone?
a. information b. evidence
c. association d. personal observation
6. The prohibits the use of illegally seized evidence.
a. exclusionary rule b. poisoned tree rule
c. probable cause rule d. reasonable rule
7. Any physical or verbal evidence police are able to acquire by using illegally obtained evidence is known as:
a. fruit of the poisoned tree. b. the exclusionary rule.
c. the rotten apple doctrine. d. exculpatory evidence.
8. The “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule was established by case law in:
a. United States v. Leon b. Brewer v. Williams
c. Nix v. Williams d. Carroll v. United States
9. In ______________ (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court found that the government had “physically occupied” private
property via a GPS device over a prolonged period of time.
a. United States v. Jones
b. Florida v. Jardines
c. Katz v. United States
d. California v. Greenwood
10. A(n) is the process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence that will be used to prove
guilt in a criminal trial.
a. arrest b. frisk
c. search d. stop
11. A(n) is a written order, based on probable cause and issued by a judge or magistrate, commanding that police
officers or criminal investigators search a specific person, place, or property to obtain evidence.
a. affidavit b. arrest warrant
c. search d. search warrant
12. In order to obtain a search warrant, a police officer must generally provide specific information on the premises to
be searched, the illegal activity taking place, the items to be seized, and:
a. preponderance of the evidence. b. probable cause.
c. proof beyond a reasonable doubt. d. reasonable suspicion.
13. If a law enforcement officer has a search warrant authorizing him to search for a desktop computer located in the
office of the suspect’s house, where can he look during the search procedure for this evidence?
a. the living room b. any room in the house
c. in the office d. in a medicine cabinet
14. A(n) is the forcible taking of a person or property in response to a violation of the law.
a. arrest b. frisk
c. search d. seizure
15. The Court has established that the does not require police to obtain a warrant to search
automobiles or other movable vehicles when they have probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains contraband
or evidence of criminal activity.
a. Second Amendment
b. Fourth Amendment
c. Fifth Amendment
d. Sixth Amendment
16. What kind of search takes place when an individual gives law enforcement permission to search their persons,
homes, or belongings?
a. an automobile search b. a consent search
c. a search incident to arrest d. a search within plain view
17. In , the Court ruled that police may search any area within the suspect’s “immediate control” to confiscate
any weapons or evidence that the suspect could destroy.
a. United States v. Robinson b. Chimel v. California
c. Mapp v. Ohio d. California v. Greenwood
18. The reasoning behind the warrantless search of automobiles is that:
a. because they traverse public roadways, there is no expectation to privacy in one’s vehicle.
b. vehicles contain an area too small to require a search warrant.
c. vehicles are moveable and could drive away before the officer could obtain a warrant.
d. vehicles can have more than one driver, therefore they are not considered under the Fourth Amendment
right to be free from unreasonable searches.
19. A law enforcement officer on border patrol does not need a warrant to search vehicles crossing the border. This
exception to the search warrant is referred to as:
a. an automobile search. b. a border search.
c. a consent search. d. a hot pursuit search.
20. Which of the following cases sets the standard for consent searches?
a. Carroll v. United States b. Chimel v. California
c. Mapp v. Ohio d. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
21. The recognized standard for a “reasonable expectation of privacy” was established by which of the following court
cases?
a. Katz v. United States b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Terry v. Ohio d. United States v. Cortez
22. Suppose a traffic officer pulls over a person for speeding, looks in the driver’s window, and clearly sees what
appears to be a bag of heroin resting on the passenger seat. Under the , law
enforcement officers may seize the drugs without a warrant.
a. exclusionary rule
b. fruit of the poisoned tree
c. inevitable evidence exception
d. plain view doctrine
23. Coolidge v. New Hampshire established the doctrine for plain view searches. Which of the following is not one of
the required criteria?
a. The item is positioned so as to be detected easily by the officer.
b. The officer immediately recognizes the illegal nature of the item.
c. The officer is legally in a position to notice the item in question.
d. The suspect does not object to the officer finding the item.
24. Electronic surveillance of a suspect cannot last more than without a judicial extension.
a. 10 days b. 30 days
c. 60 days d. 90 days
25. Given the invasiveness of electronic surveillance, the Supreme Court has generally held that the practice is
prohibited by _____________________.
a. the Fourth Amendment b. the Fifth Amendment
c. the Sixth Amendment d. the Eighth Amendment
26. The of 1978 allowed for surveillance of a suspect without a warrant as long as the
“primary purpose” of the surveillance was to investigate foreign spying and not to engage in criminal law
enforcement.
a. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
b. Patriot Act
c. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
d. Surveillance Enforcement Act
27. A(n) is a brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning.
a. arrest b. frisk
c. seizure d. stop
28. In a(n) the intent of the officer is to investigate suspicious activity.
a. arrest
b. stop
c. frisk
d. seizure
29. To determine whether a stop is based on reasonable suspicion, the court uses a test.
a. probable cause b. justification
c. beyond a reasonable doubt d. totality of the circumstances
30. A pat-down or minimal search by police to discover weapons with the purpose of protecting the officer or other
citizens, and not to find evidence of illegal substances for use in a trial, is referred to as a(n):
a. arrest b. frisk
c. seizure d. stop
31. The purpose of a frisk is to discover:
a. weapons. b. evidence.
c. the suspect’s identity. d. narcotics.
32. Which case law established stop and frisk?
a. Carroll v. United States b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Terry v. Ohio d. Weeks v. United States
33. What is the scope of the search during a stop?
a. area within the suspect’s immediate control
b. area within the suspect’s reach
c. nothing can be searched
d. outer clothing only
34. A(n) is the taking into custody of a citizen for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge.
a. arrest b. frisk
c. seizure d. stop
35. What is the justification required to make an arrest?
a. exclusionary evidence b. mere suspicion
c. probable cause d. reasonable suspicion
36. Arrest warrants are written orders based on probable cause and issued by a:
a. law enforcement officer. b. prosecuting attorney.
c. grand jury. d. judge.
37. A(n) is a situation that requires extralegal or exceptional actions by the police. In these circumstances, police
officers are justified in not following procedural rules, such as those pertaining to search and arrest warrants.
a. exclusionary circumstance b. exigent circumstance
c. rare circumstance d. reasonable circumstance
38. According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the exigent circumstances that exempt law
enforcement officers from having to “knock and announce” their identity before entering a dwelling of an arrest
warrant?
a. a felony is being committed at the time the officer enters
b. no one is home at the time of the execution of the warrant
c. persons inside are destroying evidence
d. suspect is armed and poses a strong threat
39. What is the legal basis for the Miranda warning?
a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment
c. Fifth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment
40. The direct questioning of a suspect to gather evidence of criminal activity and try to gain a confession is called a(n):
a. frisk. b. interrogation.
c. seizure. d. interview.
41. For Miranda to be required, a suspect must be in custody and also:
a. transported to the police station. b. restrained in handcuffs.
c. held at the police station. d. interrogated.
42. If a suspect indicates that he or she does not wish to be questioned by police, thereby refusing to waive his or her
Miranda rights, the officers should:
a. send another officer in to continue questioning the suspect.
b. attempt to convince the suspect to waive his or her Miranda rights.
c. stop questioning the suspect immediately.
d. continue questioning the suspect, but only until his or her attorney arrives.
Case 6-1
Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer.
Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the
suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable.
Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect’s home. Detective Collins saw many people walking
up to the window located on the south side of the suspect’s house. The individuals would walk up to the window
and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual
outside.
43. What source of probable cause would be what the informant provided to Detective Collins?
a. personal observation
b. information
c. evidence
d. association
44. Conducting surveillance on the suspect’s home is what source of probable cause?
a. personal observation
b. information
c. evidence
d. association
45. If Detective Collins went undercover and approached the window of the suspect’s home and purchased crack
cocaine, what source of probable cause would this be?
a. personal observation
b. information
c. evidence
d. association
46. With the information received from the informant and his undercover operation and surveillance of the suspect,
Detective Collins believed that he established probable cause, which meant that he would now be able to obtain an
arrest warrant. Who is the only individual that can issue an arrest warrant?
a. chief of police
b. detective
c. judge or magistrate
d. prosecutor
47. Detective Collins and his team, with their arrest warrant, went to the suspect Jack’s home. They knocked on the
door. Jack was not home but when the suspect’s brother, Tom, opened the door, he let them into the home.
Detective Collins and his team asked if they could look around for the suspect. Tom said it was fine for the officers
to look around the home. Soon after, Detective Collins found approximately 100 crack rocks on the table next to a
window in one of the bedrooms. Which exception to the search warrant requirement allowed Detective Collins to
seize the crack cocaine?
a. incident to a lawful arrest
b. consent
c. stop and frisk
d. hot pursuit
Case 6-2
Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he hears over the radio that a
stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the stabbing was described as a young female with red
hair. As Officer Martinez approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also
notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez immediately calls for backup
and orders Heather out of the vehicle.
48. Officer Martinez places Heather in handcuffs and has her sit in the back seat of his police car. While Heather is
being watched by the backup officer, Officer Martinez goes into the back seat of Heather’s car and seizes the
bloody knife and places it into an evidence bag. Which exception allows Officer Martinez to legally seize the bloody
knife?
a. abandoned property
b. border searches
c. plain view
d. stop and frisk
49. Which case announced that a warrantless search of a vehicle is allowed if the arresting officer believes that the car
contains evidence pertinent to the same crime for which the arrest took place?
a. New York v. Belton
b. Arizona v. Gant
c. Coolidge v. New Hampshire
d. Burger v. New York
50. Heather was brought into the police department for questioning. Detectives start questioning Heather about the
stabbing. Heather chooses not to incriminate herself and refuses to provide information about the crime. Which
constitutional amendment allows Heather to remain silent?
a. Fourth Amendment
b. Fifth Amendment
c. Sixth Amendment
d. Eighth Amendment
51. The right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is contained within the Fifth Amendment to the
Constitution.
a. True
b. False
52. Information provided by an informant is not sufficient to establish probable cause; rather, physical evidence must be
present.
a. True
b. False
53. The burden of probable cause requires more than the mere suspicion on a police officer’s part.
a. True
b. False
54. Most arrests are made without prior judicial approval in the form of a warrant because most arrests are the result
of quick police reaction to the commission of a crime.
a. True
b. False
55. The exclusionary rule prohibits the use of illegally seized evidence.
a. True
b. False
56. United States v. Leon established the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule.
a. True
b. False
57. In California v Greenwood the U.S. Supreme Court felt that the suspect had a reasonable expectation of privacy
when it came to his garbage bags.
a. True
b. False
58. When using a search warrant, law enforcement officers are justified in seizing items resulting from the crime in
question.
a. True
b. False