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True / False
1. Typically the court orders the PSI after the offender’s arraignment.
a.
True
b.
False
2. PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender’s action.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a mandatory therapy session.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Probation officers rely upon their power because they have little substantive authority over their clients.
a.
True
b.
False
5. As a whole, adult probationers’ needs tend to be quite similar regardless of their backgrounds.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Probation officers can investigate only rule violations, not new crimes. New crimes must be handled by local police
departments.
a.
True
b.
False
7. A probation officer faces role conflict in virtually every aspect of the job.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Formal constraints are the legal conditions of probation.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The PSI plays a minimal role in the actual sentencing process.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Nationally all individual US probation systems include a sentence recommendation to the presiding judge.
a.
True
b.
False
11. According to the text, a prospective probation officer is expected to have a four-year degree in criminal justice, social
work, or some other related field.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Fines, community service, and restitution are examples of standard conditions of probation.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The model system of case management has five principal components.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Private investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.
a.
True
b.
False
15. One main purpose of the probation officer's supervision is to enforce compliance with conditions.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. A probation officer faces role conflict every day. This conflict centers on _______________.
a.
the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender
b.
the responsibilities of enforcing the law while simultaneously trying to help the offender
c.
personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job
d.
the pressure of constructing presentence investigation reports
17. The PSI process typically begins with a(n)____________ interview.
a.
victim(s)
b.
sentencing judge
c.
offender
d.
probation officer
18. The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on
______________.
a.
victim rights
b.
public safety
c.
recidivism rates
d.
restorative justice
19. Two techniques that are crucial to enhancing the validity and reliability of PSI reports are ___________ and
_________.
a.
subjectivity, verification
b.
verification, objectivity
c.
caution; subjectivity
d.
objectivity, caution
20. Case management systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on _________.
a.
recidivism rates
b.
court mandates
c.
client problems
d.
victim requests
21. Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ___________ and supervision.
a.
protection
b.
investigation
c.
surveillance
d.
monitoring
22. In many cases informal pressure is put on the probation officers to give the function of ________ higher priority than
________.
a.
supervision, investigation
b.
surveillance, investigation
c.
investigation, supervision
d.
monitoring, investigation
23. When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is engaging in which major function of his/her job?
a.
supervision
b.
monitoring
c.
surveillance
d.
investigation
24. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the three basic steps carried out by the probation officer during
his or her supervisory role?
a.
The officer and offender establish goals to help the offender comply with the conditions of release.
b.
Based on the offender’s response to supervision, the officer decides how to terminate probation.
c.
The officer establishes a relationship with the offender and defines the role of the offender and officer.
d.
The officer creates periodic progress reports to be given to the sentencing judge.
25. In many jurisdictions, probation officers are legally classified as ________ officers, with the power to arrest.
a.
police
b.
judicial
c.
courtroom
d.
peace
26. The most likely outcome of probation is that offenders _______________.
a.
are transferred to house arrest
b.
leave their area and are never located again
c.
are rearrested for violations
d.
complete their terms without violations
27. The lack of substantive power explains why probation officers rely heavily on __________.
a.
intelligence
b.
coercion
c.
court orders
d.
authority
28. ______________involves a variety of interpersonal techniques that increase the effectiveness of correctional
treatment, by having the probation officer interact with the client in ways that promote the client’s stake in the change
process.
a.
Direct questioning
b.
Motivational interviewing
c.
Directed interrogation
d.
Rational assessment
29. The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior is known as ______________.
a.
treatment
b.
recidivism
c.
conviction
d.
arrest
30. Formal constraints, the legal conditions of probation, whether standard, punitive, or treatment, are set by the ________
or are written into law.
a.
probation officer
b.
parole board
c.
court
d.
prosecution
31. The informal constraints imposed by bureaucratic pressure on probation officers include all of the following
except_________.
a.
case control
b.
competence
c.
preventive measures
d.
case management structure
32. Which of the following is NOT one of the five principle components of a case management system?
a.
punitive assessment
b.
workload accounting
c.
systematic needs assessment
d.
case planning
33. The offender’s response to probation depends in part on his or her perception of the officer’s ___________.
a.
intelligence
b.
authority
c.
power
d.
attitude
34. In regards to the effectiveness of community supervision, ________ emphasizes the importance of "results" in setting
priorities and selecting activities.
a.
performance-based supervision
b.
objective supervision
c.
intensive supervision
d.
subjective supervision
35. Probation revocation can result from a new arrest or conviction, a rules violation, or a failure to comply with a
condition of probation. Rules violations that result in revocations are often referred to as ___________ violations.
a.
minor
b.
technical
c.
conditional
d.
mechanical
36. Effectiveness studies of probation almost always compare _____________________.
a.
one type of probation with another
b.
probation with parole
c.
probation with doing nothing
d.
probation with incarceration.
37. Community service is an example of a _______________ condition of probation.
a.
treatment
b.
punitive
c.
customary
d.
standard
38. Leaving one’s jurisdiction without permission is an example of a __________ violation of probation.
a.
treatment
b.
punitive
c.
customary
d.
standard
39. ________________ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
a.
Group-oriented
b.
Non-technological based
c.
Specialization of
d.
Decreased reliance on
40. In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence
investigation report?
a.
Williams v. New York
b.
Morrisey v. Brewer
c.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d.
Bell v. Wolfish
41. Constraints imposed on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance
abuse, are known as
a.
treatment conditions
b.
standard conditions
c.
punitive conditions
d.
necessary conditions
42. Which is not true regarding program characteristics for offenders?
a.
Only offer programs to high risk offenders who want to participate.
b.
Provide treatment programs designed to deal with the problems that produce the higher risk level.
c.
Provide greater levels of supervision for high risk offenders.
d.
Focus programs on high risk probationers.
43. Grouping probationers with similar problems (for example, drug addicts, sex offenders) into a single caseload is
known as
a.
specialized supervision programs.
b.
discrimination.
c.
focused supervision.
d.
inappropriate use of resources.
44. A drug that reduces craving for heroin is known as
a.
methadone.
b.
methamphetamine.
c.
antabuse.
d.
an opiate.
45. A drug that causes violent nausea if combined with alcohol is known as
a.
Antabuse.
b.
methadone.
c.
methamphetamine.
d.
Adderall.
Adam is on probation for a DWI. To help maintain sobriety, he is prescribed a medication that will make him extremely
ill if he consumes alcohol. The judge ordered Adam to participate in chemical health programming as a condition of
probation. Adam is refusing to attend programming because he does not think he has a drinking problem.
46. What is Adam taking to help him maintain sobriety?
a.
Antabuse
b.
methadone
c.
marijuana
d.
Advil
47. Refusing to attend chemical health programming could be considered a
a.
technical violation.
b.
assumed violation.
c.
expected violation.
d.
common violation.
48. If Adam doesn't complete chemical health programming, the judge could
a.
revoke his probation.
b.
order someone else to attend programming for him.
c.
require the probation officer to attend the program for Adam.
d.
require the treatment program to counsel Adam at his home.
Mark is a probation officer who works with sex offenders only. He meets with each client monthly to identify goals for
each client. He often has to use a specific interview technique with his clients to promote and determine their stakes in the
change process.
49. Since Mark supervises only sex offenders, what type of caseload does he have?
a.
specialized
b.
unique
c.
normal
d.
Specific
50. When Mark meets with his clients, he is making a(n) ______________ with them?
a.
case plan
b.
agenda
c.
violation report
d.
presentence report
51. What interview technique is Mark using with his clients?
a.
motivational interviewing
b.
manipulation interviewing
c.
degrading technique
d.
determination interviewing
Jodi is awaiting sentencing for a drug offense. Prior to sentencing she meets with Agent Smith to discuss her upbringing,
her drug use, and other aspects of her life. Jodi admits to regular use of heroin for the past three years.
52. Why does Jodi meet with Agent Smith?
a.
To complete a presentence investigation
b.
To complete a probation violation
c.
To complete a mental health evaluation
d.
To complete a post-sentence evaluation
53. Since Jodi admits to heroin use, Agent Smith is recommending she participate in a program to help control her
cravings for heroin. What type of program is being recommended?
a.
methadone program
b.
Antabuse program
c.
medicinal marijuana program
d.
antisocial personality disorder program
54. What will Agent Smith use to monitor Jodi's abstinence from the use of heroin?
a.
urinalysis
b.
gut feel
c.
self-reporting by Jodi
d.
DNA testing
55. What specialized caseload would be appropriate for the supervision of Jodi?
a.
drug offender
b.
sex offender
c.
mental health
d.
domestic abuse
Completion
56. The ability to influence a person’s actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as
_____________.
57. ___________ is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.
58. The emotional and financial losses from crime are often communicated through ________________ statements.
59. __________ is a drug that inhibits drinking.
60. The basic probation function of___________ begins once the offender is sentenced by the court.
61. _____________ refers to the ability to force a person to do something that he or she does not want to do.
62. __________ probation conditions are constraints, including fines, community service, and restitution, imposed on
some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation.
63. ____________ is a term used to describe the return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior as measured by
new arrests or other problems with the law.
64. _______________ practices refer to the use of correctional methods that have been shown to be effective through
well-designed research studies.
65. The performance-based movement in probation has called for a new emphasis on ___________.
66. A presentence report is an investigation into and summary report on an offender's ________________.
67. Probation supervision begins once an offender is ______________.
68. The probation officer and the offender establish supervision ___________ to help the offender comply with conditions
established by the court.
69. The presentence investigation serves mainly to help the ___________ select an appropriate sentence.
70. In practice most judges seek some balance between rehabilitation and ____________ management.
71. Privately conducted PSIs have sparked __________________.
72. The purpose of the case plan is to prescribe a combination of activities and reporting features that are based on the
____________ of the probationer.
73. Probation officers are usually required to spend more time with offenders who need more rehabilitation and
___________.
74. To defend against possible allegations of misconduct, probation officers need to thoroughly ________________ their
actions so that they can meet any potential challenge without having to rely on just memory or their own verbal
testimony.
75. Today's probation officers have a number of _____________ tools available to help supervise probationers.
76. Define the terms “authority” and “power.” Discuss their role in the work of probation officers. Which is more
effective? Why?
77. Define evidence-based practice as it relates to probation. List and explain the four most important characteristics
associated with successful probation programs. How does this practice affect the work of probation officers?
78. Define the two primary functions of probation and how each is carried out. Next, discuss the conflict that arises from
these competing functions. How have organizations dealt with the conflict produced by the contradictory goals?
79. How can we measure the effectiveness of probation? Next, explain the various means by which it has been measured;
in particular, please discuss in detail case management systems and performance-based measures.
80. Describe the purpose of the presentence investigation and explain how it is used in the sentencing and programming of
offenders.
