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True / False
1. The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.
a.
True
b.
False
2. According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The “Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial
behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, or androgens, produce aggressive behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.
a.
True
b.
False
8. According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent
behavior patterns.
a.
True
b.
False
9. There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins than between criminal behavior and fraternal
twins.
a.
True
b.
False
10. There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long
process of human evolution.
a.
True
b.
False
12. According to Freud’s version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the
ego.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Both extroverts and introverts are at risk for antisocial behaviors.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Nature theory argues that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, social contacts, and peer groups account
for a child’s IQ level and low intelligence.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low
intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Research has shown that children suffering from conduct disorders (CD) are frequently involved in bullying and
sexual assaults, as well as cruelty to animals.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Bipolar disorder has failed to be correlated with delinquency or criminality, which leads many opponents of
psychological crime to use disorders such as this as just another failed attempt at justifying criminal behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Primary prevention programs provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they
have violated the law.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Biologically oriented therapy is seldom used because it has no beneficial treatment in the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
25. Surgical procedures used to alter the brain structure of convicted sex offenders are known as psychosurgeries.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
26. __________ theory reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.
a.
Rational choice
b.
Trait
c.
Social structure
d.
Labeling
27. Socio-biologists view all of the following factors as being mutually interdependent except .
a.
biology
b.
environment
c.
learning
d.
ecology
28. Biological explanations of crime reemerged in the early _______ with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond O.
Wilson.
a.
1950s
b.
1970s
c.
1980s
d.
1990s
29. Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________ perspective.
a.
biochemical
b.
neurophysiological
c.
genetic
d.
evolutionary
30. Which of the following is not considered to contribute to a healthy diet, and thus to good mental health and well-
adjusted behavior patterns?
a.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
b.
Minerals
c.
Vitamins
d.
Heavy metals, such as lead and mercury
31. Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as __________, do in fact produce
aggressive behavior.
a.
antigens
b.
androgens
c.
estrogens
d.
peptides
32. __________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.
a.
Testosterone
b.
Estrogen
c.
Serotonin
d.
Monoamine
33. According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression.
a.
diet
b.
divorce
c.
menstruation
d.
pregnancy
34. Locations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of ______.
a.
suicide
b.
ADHD
c.
mercury
d.
homicide
35. What is the study of brain activity?
a.
Psychology
b.
Neurophysiology
c.
Pathology
d.
Evolutionary criminology
36. Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest that which of the following statements is true?
a.
All criminals have low levels of testosterone.
b.
Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.
c.
Female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men.
d.
Latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-Latinos.
37. Many children with ADHD also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in
childhood.
a.
conduct disorder
b.
schizophrenia
c.
hypoglycemia
d.
behavior modeling
38. Evidence exists indicating that abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated
with violent behavior.
a.
Electrolytes
b.
chemical “straightjackets”
c.
chemical restraints
d.
neurotransmitters
39. The major premise of the biochemical theory is that ______.
a.
as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive
and predisposed to commit crime
b.
the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
c.
criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
d.
crime is a function of diet and food allergies
40. The major premise of the neurological theory is that ______.
a.
as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive
and predisposed to commit crime
b.
the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
c.
criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
d.
crime is a function of diet and food allergies
41. According to ___________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people’s brains function
differently in response to environmental stimuli.
a.
excitement
b.
arousal
c.
danger
d.
stimuli
42. If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be _____.
a.
intraracial
b.
interracial
c.
interbiological
d.
intergenerational
43. In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child’s criminal behavior?
a.
A criminal biological mother
b.
A criminal adoptive mother
c.
A criminal biological father
d.
A criminal adoptive grandfather
44. Studies conducted on twin behavior have detected a significant relationship between the criminal activities of _____
twins.
a.
AZ
b.
DZ
c.
MZ
d.
QZ
45. Genetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits are passed ______.
a.
from generation to generation
b.
from fathers to sons but not fathers to daughters
c.
from mothers to sons but not mothers to daughters
d.
from one generation, but then skip the next generation
46. The major premise of the genetic theory is that _______.
a.
as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive
and predisposed to commit crime
b.
the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
c.
criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
d.
crime is a function of diet and food allergies
47. The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that ______.
a.
as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive
and predisposed to commit crime
b.
the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
c.
criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
d.
crime is a function of diet and food allergies
48. According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species __________ males have had the greatest
impact on the gene pool.
a.
aggressive
b.
intelligent
c.
introverted
d.
mentally ill
49. Which perspective best supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence, and aggression?
a.
Biochemical
b.
Neurophysiological
c.
Genetic
d.
Evolutionary
50. __________ was the forerunner of modern learning theorists who believed that people learn from one another through
imitation.
a.
Albert Bandura
b.
Charles Goring
c.
Gabriel Tarde
d.
Sigmund Freud
51. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the
personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.
a.
id
b.
ego
c.
superego
d.
conscience
52. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) developed ________ psychology, which has remained a prominent segment of
psychological theory ever since.
a.
neurological
b.
biosocial
c.
generational
d.
psychodynamic
53. __________ theory is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.
a.
Cognitive
b.
Social learning
c.
Information-processing
d.
Nurture
54. Social learning theory states that people ______.
a.
are born with aggressive tendencies
b.
hold aggressive mental scripts in their subconscious
c.
learn to be aggressive through their life experiences
d.
have chemical needs that require violence for stimulation
55. Which of the following is not one of the three principal sources of behavior modeling?
a.
Genetic predispositions
b.
Family interactions
c.
Environmental experiences
d.
Mass media
56. ________ theory is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes—how people perceive and mentally
represent the world around them.
a.
Neurophysiological
b.
Cognitive
c.
Biosocial
d.
Evolutionary
57. What do we know about psychopaths and crime?
a.
Psychopaths comprise 65 percent of U.S. prison inmates.
b.
Psychopaths tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders age out of crime.
c.
Psychopaths are no more likely to reoffend within a year of release than other offenders.
d.
Psychopaths who reoffend are more likely to reoffend in nonviolent ways.
58. What research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught?
a.
Adolescents with low IQs are more likely to commit crime.
b.
There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminals.
c.
Low IQs equally prevail in offenders receiving prison sentences or probation.
d.
Violent criminals have high IQs.
59. What is known about mental disorders and crime?
a.
It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by some other factor.
b.
Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than nonmentally ill offenders.
c.
Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less antisocial than members of the
general population.
d.
Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female offenders.
60. A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been that it ______.
a.
is the product of flawed methodology
b.
is based on outdated research
c.
is racist
d.
fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate
61. Which biosocial theory would promote that research should be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their
father?
a.
Biochemical
b.
Neurological
c.
Genetic
d.
Evolutionary
62. Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal behavior?
a.
That their adopted mother is criminal
b.
That their biological father is criminal
c.
That their biological mother ends up committing crime after the boys are adopted
d.
That their adopted parents are over 40 years old
63. There are different types of twins. The boys are most likely __________ twins if it is determined that they are very
close in such crime-relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills.
a.
dizygotic
b.
dualgotic
c.
monozygotic
d.
polygotic
64. The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in a large city, is diagnosed with
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of ______________
in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his
disorder.
a.
amino acids
b.
glucose
c.
mercury
d.
neurotransmitters
65. After 20 years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at birth and
adopted by different families. John says that he finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the
support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant. Which theory would best explain John's predicament?
a.
Attachment theory
b.
Behavior theory
c.
Information-processing theory
d.
Nature theory
Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of disrespecting
his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he
was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol.
66. Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures, including teachers
and police officers. He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his misbehavior. What mental
disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael?
a.
Bipolar disorder
b.
Mood disorder
c.
Oppositional disorder
d.
Schizophrenia
67. Michael is now 20 years old and a court-ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder.
a.
depressive
b.
personality
c.
psychotic
d.
mood
68. If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, what would be a likely symptom?
a.
Hearing nonexistent voices
b.
Seeing hallucinations
c.
Exhibiting inappropriate responses
d.
Alternating moods
69. Michael’s family checks Michael into a three-month residential treatment center that treats individuals with mental
health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a(n) _________________ program.
a.
primary prevention
b.
secondary prevention
c.
adjudicatory prevention
d.
alternative sentencing
70. Michael was arrested and charged with possession of narcotics and aggravated battery. Michael was offered a plea
deal of five years of probation with a condition that he must participate in drug treatment and psychological counseling.
When attendance in these programs is a requirement of a probation order, they are considered _________________
programs.
a.
primary prevention
b.
secondary prevention
c.
adjudicatory prevention
d.
alternative sentencing
71. ______________ is the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the
species.
72. __________________ assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime
from birth.
73. This condition, _________________, occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and
efficient brain functioning.
74. Male sex hormones are referred to as __________________.
75. Chemical compounds known as _________________, influence or activate brain functions.
76. The study of brain activity is known as _____________________.
77. Studies of ________________ twins have shown much higher rates of criminal activity than compared to the other.
78. ___________ twins are fraternal twins who only have half of their genes in common and thus share fewer
commonalities when it comes to criminal behavior.
79. The ________________ is the reasonably stable patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another.
80. The _____________ is the part of the personality that helps the individual keep his or her actions within the
boundaries of social convention.
81. According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the primitive part of people’s mental makeup and represents
unconscious biological drives.
82. Proponents of the _________ theory argued that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low
intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.
83. Proponents of the _____________ theory argue that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, and peer
groups accounts for a child’s IQ level.
84. Children with _____________________________ experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative and hostile
behavior toward authority figures.
85. _______ is a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting
inappropriate responses.
86. Programs that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crimes are referred to as
___________________.
Essay
87. Discuss the basic assumptions of contemporary trait theorists. Explain why trait theorists have gained recent
prominence.
88. Discuss the relationship between hormonal changes and mood and behavior.
89. Explain how chemical compounds called neurotransmitters are associated with aggression and other antisocial
behaviors.
90. Discuss what research indicates about parental deviance, twin behavior, and adoption studies.
91. Explain the links between evolution, gender, and crime.
92. Identify and discuss the mental disorders and diseases that are associated with crime. How persuasive is the
association between mental disorders and crime, and why is this the case?
93. Discuss attachment theory and how failure to develop proper attachment is associated with crime.
94. Create a fictional character and depict how this individual would become criminal, using attachment theory to explain
your rationale.
95. Identify and discuss the four factors that social learning theorists suggest contribute to violent or aggressive behavior.
96. Compare and contrast nature and nurture theory and the relationship each have with criminality.
97. How do cognitive theorists explain the relationship between information processing and antisocial behavior?
98. Why is the association between IQ/intelligence and crime so controversial?
99. Compare and contrast the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention programs in regards to criminality. Is one
more effective? Explain.
100. List and describe the six measures designed to make people better problem solvers through therapeutic interventions.
