Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
True / False
1. Today in the United States, nongovernment agencies can also be used to administer community corrections programs.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The nation’s first probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments and were found
primarily in the Southern United States.
a.
True
b.
False
3. It costs US taxpayers almost twice as much to have a person placed on probation as it costs to incarcerate them in a
prison or jail cell.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The nation’s first full-time probation officer, and the creator of the term “probation,” was John Howard.
a.
True
b.
False
5. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, leaders of probation and other correctional branches throughout the United
States embraced a medical model, focusing primarily on treatment of the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Compared to other Western democracies, the United States makes little use of fines as the sole punishment for crimes
more serious than motor vehicle violations.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Under home confinement, offenders can carry out their sentence of incarceration only in their homes; no variations are
possible.
a.
True
b.
False
8. There are currently three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout the United States:
active, passive, and reactive.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Many in the field believe that one common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that these programs lead to
a widening of the net, increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.
a.
True
b.
False
10. According to recent criminological studies, prison has been quite successful at changing people for the better.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The law-enforcement role of probation emphasizes surveillance of the offender and close controls on behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Under the continuum of sanctions, an offender is moved based on his or her degree of response to correctional
programs.
a.
True
b.
False
13. When looking at the use intermediate sanctions, the only factor considered is the crime the offender committed.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The Drug Court is an example of a specialized court.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Intermediate sanctions are used for offenders coming out of prison.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. ________________, a Boston boot maker, was the first person in the United States with the title probation officer,
dating back to 1841.
a.
Elam Lynds
b.
Jeremy Bentham
c.
John Augustus
d.
John Howard
17. The goal of ________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by
applying tight controls over the probationer’s activities and maintaining careful surveillance.
a.
risk management
b.
treatment management
c.
split sentencing
d.
community justice
18. It is estimated that one out of every five probationers in the United States today has committed a ___________ crime
resulting in their current probation.
a.
drug
b.
violent
c.
misdemeanor
d.
hate
19. All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the United States are currently placed on probation, except
a.
direct probation sentence.
b.
suspended probation sentence.
c.
intermediate sentence.
d.
split sentence.
20. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major problems your authors cite regarding intermediate sanctions?
a.
net destroying
b.
selecting offenders
c.
selecting agencies
d.
net widening
21. According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they
lack _________________.
a.
education
b.
job skills
c.
good parents
d.
self-respect
22. More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are________________.
a.
sentenced to home confinement
b.
in prison
c.
under community supervision
d.
actually innocent
23. Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a smaller, specialized caseload is
known as___________________.
a.
PSI
b.
ISP
c.
SIP
d.
IPS
24. Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is called ____________.
a.
day fine
b.
forfeiture
c.
assessed valuation
d.
recidivism
25. When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they cannot______________.
a.
reduce crime
b.
save money
c.
deter crime
d.
lower recidivism rates
26. Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an opportunity for_____________.
a.
use of force
b.
bias
c.
forgiveness
d.
clemency
27. Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders.
a.
violent
b.
drug
c.
first-time
d.
sex
28. The majority of probationers in the United States are______________________.
a.
white and female
b.
black and male
c.
white and male
d.
latino and male
29. Which of the following is not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?
a.
parole
b.
probation
c.
supervision conditions
d.
presentence investigation
30. Between 1200 and 1827, English common law________________.
a.
discriminated against the upper social classes
b.
strove for equality in all matters
c.
discriminated solely against monks, nuns, and priests
d.
discriminated in favor of the upper social classes
31. The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
a.
the 1920s through 1930s
b.
the 1980s through 1990s
c.
the 1940s through 1960s
d.
the 1970s through 1980s
32. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major arguments offered to support the community corrections
movement in the United States?
a.
Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to intermediate sanctions.
b.
Reduce tax revenues spent on corrections by transferring both the costs and the funding to less-expensive local
correctional facilities.
c.
Reduce prison populations in general.
d.
Reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to state prisons.
33. When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities
that have the most people under community supervision, this process is referred to as justice _________________.”
a.
distribution
b.
allocation
c.
sharing
d.
reinvestment
34. Which US state passed the nation’s first Comprehensive Community Corrections Act in 1973?
a.
New York
b.
Pennsylvania
c.
Minnesota
d.
Massachusetts
35. Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.
a.
was used only for juvenile offenders
b.
was the source of widespread judicial corruption
c.
was never enacted and used
d.
was declared unconstitutional in 1916
36. Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of ________, which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and
control.
a.
widening the net
b.
pretrial diversion
c.
primary sanctions
d.
continuum of sanctions
37. Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and second, to
serve as
a.
a tougher way of handling offenders.
b.
a deterrent for future criminal behavior.
c.
a way to eliminate biases in the system.
d.
a less costly alternative to prison.
38. According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding
in the United States are _____________ and boot camps.
a.
intensive supervised probation
b.
home confinement
c.
shock incarceration
d.
community service
39. The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments
despite their differences in approach is known as the principle of______________________.
a.
incarceration
b.
initiation
c.
interchangeability
d.
integration
40. Those who support intermediate sanctions and community corrections must address three problems in order for the
programs to be successful. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems?
a.
Community support for intermediate sanctions must increase.
b.
The government must respond to the need for better alternatives.
c.
The resistance to placing offenders in less restrictive options must be overcome.
d.
The purpose of intermediate sanctions must be clarified.
41. What type of agencies contract with probation and parole agencies to provided services to clients in the community?
a.
nonprofit
b.
hospitals
c.
banks
d.
television
42. One way corrections predicts the risk of future criminal behavior is by using
a.
objective risk assessment instruments.
b.
gut feelings.
c.
the offenders past success on supervision only.
d.
polygraph tests.
43. According to your text, one of the most popular objective risk assessment systems is the
a.
LSI-R.
b.
polygraph.
c.
STS.
d.
EHM.
44. According to the text, boot camps are designed for what type of offender?
a.
young
b.
violent
c.
career criminals
d.
female
45. If an offender falls behind on restitution, they may be sent to a
a.
restitution center.
b.
day reporting center.
c.
boot camp.
d.
bank.
46. The $500.00 Ryan is ordered to pay is an example of what type of punishment?
a.
fine
b.
incarceration
c.
monitoring
d.
reporting Center
47. Ryan's car is taken due to the commission of this offense. This is an example of
a.
forfeiture.
b.
stealing.
c.
robbery.
d.
restitution.
48. The public service work Ryan was ordered to perform is also known as
a.
community service.
b.
restitution.
c.
free labor.
d.
fund raising.
Katie is placed on probation and sentenced to participate in a boot camp. After completion of the boot camp, she will be
placed on a small caseload with a probation officer under strict supervision conditions. One of the conditions is that Katie
is confined to her home for sixty days. Katie is also ordered to pay $1000.00 to the victim of the offense.
49. The boot camp is an example of an
a.
intermediate sanction
b.
unjust consequence.
c.
extra thing to do.
d.
inhumane punishment
50. What type of probation supervision is Katie going to be on?
a.
Intensive Supervision Program (ISP)
b.
Ricky probation
c.
unsupervised probation
d.
standard probation
51. The condition of home confinement is commonly known as
a.
electronic monitoring.
b.
ETG monitoring.
c.
limited monitoring.
d.
TAD monitoring.
52. The money Katie is ordered to pay is known as
a.
restitution.
b.
debt.
c.
fine.
d.
fee.
Nate was sentenced for a check forgery offense. Per Court order, he will spend thirty days in jail before being released
under community supervision. The sentencing model used when imposing Nate's sentence assumes Nate can change
without extended incarceration.
53. What type of sentence was imposed for Nate?
a.
split sentence
b.
prison sentence
c.
Two-phase sentencing
d.
parole sentence
54. Nate was placed on what type of supervision?
a.
probation
b.
parole
c.
unsupervised
d.
Nate was not ordered to any form of supervision.
55. What model was used when imposing Nate's sentence?
a.
community corrections
b.
crime control
c.
medical
d.
treatment
Completion
56. ________________ are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less severe and costly
than incarceration.
57. The main goal of community corrections legislation is to limit the dependence on _________.
58. _________ is a sum of money that the offender must pay either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims.
59. A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of ___________ and
control over the offender.
60. ___________ is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service.
61. In the United States, ___________ is the most commonly imposed sanction.
62. ______________ occurs when the government seizes property derived from or used in criminal activity and can take
both civil and criminal forms.
63. A _____________ is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day’s work.
64. ________________ was a practice under English common law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or
execution of a sentence on a condition of good behavior on the part of the offender.
65. ________________ is the term used to define the primary punishment alternative to incarceration employed in
contemporary society.
66. Community corrections is based on the goal of punishing the offender as _____________ as needed to protect the
community and to satisfy the public.
67. Probation is an alternative to ________________.
68. A _________ sentence is when the court imposes a period of incarceration to be served prior to probation.
69. For many offenders, a __________ is an adequate punishment.
70. Pretrial diversion typically targets petty____________ offenders.
71. Under civil law, property used in criminal activity can be seized without a finding of _____________.
72. Supervision on an intensive supervision program is ____________.
73. A GPS tracking system is an example of an _____________ electronic monitoring system.
74. The principle of ____________________ is the idea that different forms or intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to
make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach.
75. Due to changes in the work for correctional professionals, an increased emphasis on accountability has reduced
individual ______________.
76. Define the term community corrections. What is the major goal of these types of sanctions? List and briefly explain
the four main factors most often cited for supporting community corrections.
77. Define and explain intermediate sanctions. Discuss the main argument for the use of intermediate sanctions instead of
prison. What are the two basic goals of these sanctions? Finally, identify and discuss at least three problems associated
with intermediate sanctions. Are these problems solvable?
78. Who was John Augustus? Identify and explain what he did for the field of corrections. Why were these developments
so important? How have they shaped corrections?
79. Identify the three major trends or shifts in the working environment of corrections. Discuss the evolution of the role of
the correctional professional, focusing on these trends or shifts. What is the significance of these shifts?
80. What is meant by the term justice reinvestment? How have the lessons of community-based corrections helped shape
this new model?
