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1. According to the principles of choice theory, in order for punishment to most effectively deter crime, it must meet the
following three conditions:
a.
Swift, satisfactory, and certain
b.
Severe, certain, and punitive
c.
Strict, sure, and swift
d.
Intense, lasting, and cumulative
2. Situational crime prevention falls under _____ theory.
a.
Psychological
b.
Choice
c.
Sociobiological
d.
Developmental
3. Target hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention tactic?
a.
Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime
b.
Increasing the risks of committing the crime
c.
Reducing the rewards for committing the crime
d.
Inducing guilt or shame over the crime
4. Putting up large signs indicating that trash must be either thrown away or recycled and placing bins to dump or recycle
throughout a park is which type of situational crime prevention tactic?
a.
Increase the risks
b.
Reduce provocation
c.
Remove excuses
d.
Induce shame or guilt
5. __________ theory focuses on a person’s bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime.
a.
Social learning
b.
Social disorganization
c.
Choice
d.
Social control
6. ______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered damage to their personalities early in their development
that renders them powerless to control their impulses.
a.
Psychodynamic
b.
Life course
c.
Developmental
d.
Sociobiological
7. According to social learning theory, people become violent because they:
a.
Model their behavior after others and have that behavior positively reinforced.
b.
Are born with a predisposition toward violence because of their genetic makeup.
c.
Suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age.
d.
Have a mental disorder or illness.
8. Consideration of IQ and attachment are a part of what type of theory?
a.
Psychological theory
b.
Sociological theory
c.
Sociobiological theory
d.
Choice theory
9. Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest value conflict according ________ theory.
a.
Psychoanalytic
b.
Social control
c.
Social structure
d.
Social learning
10. Which is not a behavior associated with antisocial personality?
a.
Repeatedly performs acts that are grounds for arrest
b.
Needs to plan ahead
c.
Reckless disregard for the safety of others
d.
Lack of remorse
11. A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust that is
passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is called:
a.
Focal concerns
b.
Collective efficacy
c.
The culture of poverty
d.
The truly disadvantaged
12. ______ suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek
alternatives, such as crime.
a.
Strain theory
b.
Social learning theory
c.
Differential association theory
d.
Self-control theory
13. Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation that Robert Merton produced as part of his
explanation of how anomie can lead to crime?
a.
Innovation
b.
Rebellion
c.
Retreatism
d.
Toughness
14. Which of the following is an argument of Hirschi’s social control theory?
a.
Delinquents are detached loners whose bond to friends has been broken.
b.
Delinquents have the same friendship patterns as conventional youth.
c.
There is a definitive reason why a person’s social bond is weakened.
d.
Only females who are detached from their parents are at risk for gang involvement.
15. The use of illegal means to achieve success in the absence of legitimate means is an example of ______ in Merton’s
theory of anomie.
a.
Innovation
b.
Retreatism
c.
Rebellion
d.
Conformity
16. ______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.
a.
Age-graded
b.
Life course
c.
Latent trait
d.
Social strain
17. The general theory of crime suggests that differences between individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts
stems from:
a.
The level of relative deprivation in their immediate environment
b.
Their level of self-control
c.
The perceived value of social injustice in the community
d.
Their tolerance for social strain
18. According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical turning points in a criminal career?
a.
Marriage and employment
b.
Employment and imprisonment
c.
Children and imprisonment
d.
Victimization and social bonds
19. When individuals provoke or encourage criminal behavior, this is referred to as:
a.
Latent trait activation
b.
Victim precipitation
c.
Lifestyle theory
d.
Cognitive abuse of the victim
20. What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?
a.
The victim invariably precipitates their own victimization.
b.
Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation.
c.
Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the
victim.
d.
Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims.
21. Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory?
a.
Supply of motivated offenders
b.
Supply of suitable targets
c.
Absence of effective guardians for protection
d.
Extent of relative social deprivation
22. According to the routine activities theory, police officers would be considered:
a.
Capable guardians
b.
Suitable targets
c.
Motivated offenders
d.
Capable targets
23. Which occurs when the victims used threats?
a.
Active precipitation
b.
Cursory precipitation
c.
Passive precipitation
d.
Solitary precipitation
24. What is the process in which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that
encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit crime?
a.
Latent traits
b.
State organized
c.
State dependence
d.
Victim precipitation
25. Which age group is linked to the early onset of criminal behavior?
a.
Toddlers
b.
Early adolescence
c.
Late teens
d.
Mid-twenties
26. According to critical criminologists, which behavior is the biggest problem?
a.
Burglary
b.
Racism
c.
Rape
d.
Robbery
27. Excessive levels of ___________ have been linked to violence and aggression.
a.
Estrogen
b.
Progesterone
c.
Serotonin
d.
Testosterone
28. Johnny is arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. As a result, he is convicted and serves a short stint in jail.
Johnny’s incarceration is an example of which of the following concepts?
a.
General deterrence
b.
Specific deterrence
c.
Situational prevention
d.
Just desserts
29. Which of the following is not considered a biochemical factor?
a.
Environmental constraints
b.
Hypoglycemia
c.
Testosterone
d.
Genetic abnormality
30. Which theory posits that antisocial behavior is learned through observation?
a.
Social learning theory
b.
Psychodynamic theory
c.
Moral development theory
d.
Social disorganization
31. Social disorganization leads to which of the following?
a.
Residents’ frustrations over their perceived inability to attain the “American Dream”
b.
Weakened informal social control
c.
The development of a cognitive landscape that views violence as an acceptable means to resolve conflict
d.
All of the above
32. Which theory proposes the existence of a master criminal trait or propensity after birth?
a.
Latent trait
b.
Life course
c.
Trajectory
d.
Biochemical
CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a
car from the teacher’s parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor’s car when she decided that she
wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to
recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition
of their cases.
33. According to the routine activities theory Mary would be considered a:
a.
Motivated offender
b.
Suitable target
c.
Suitable offender
d.
Capable guardian
34. When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the car from the teacher’s parking lot, she replied,
“when I saw that the gate was open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the car.”What
situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime from occurring?
a.
Increase the effort needed to commit the crime
b.
Increase the risk of committing the crime
c.
Reduce the rewards for committing the crime
d.
Remove excuses
35. When Mr. Brown meets with Louise, he asks her the same questions he asked Mary about her background. Louise
explains that she has been arrested ten times before for various charges, including drug possession, burglary, and
assault.Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and learning disabilities and that she does not
always know why she does the things she does.Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise’s behavior?
a.
Biochemical
b.
Neurological
c.
Genetic
d.
Precipitation
36. Louise also explains that she was diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder.She cannot remember the name of the
disorder.Mr. Brown is waiting for her case file to see her diagnosis.Which of the following psychiatric disorders is Louise
unlikely to have?
a.
Oppositional defiant disorder
b.
Conduct disorder
c.
Alexithymia
d.
Strain disorder
CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including
murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to
his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help
each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
37. Warden Smith meets Jamaal.He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for armed robbery.Jamaal is argumentative and is
a firm believer that the criminal justice system is just a mechanism to control the poor.He thinks that the government
should be focusing on the crimes that the wealthy commit and not those of the lower-class community.Jamaal would most
likely support which theory?
a.
Critical
b.
Social learning
c.
Psychodynamic
d.
Choice
38. Larry meets with Warden Smith.Larry has been to prison three timespreviously.He tellsWarden Smith that he has
committed hundreds of other crimes for whichhe never got caught.His current conviction is for drug dealing.Larry was
willing to take achance in dealing drugs because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought
the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort.Which theory would most likely support why Larry committed his
crime?
a.
Critical
b.
Social learning
c.
Psychodynamic
d.
Choice
39. Joey is in prison for attempted murder.He got into a fight at a local bar with a man with whom he was drinking some
beers.The man made a comment about Joey’s girlfriend and Joey just snapped and beat him until he was unconscious.The
man was in a coma for a few months before he woke up.The man sustained permanent brain damage.Warden Smith asked
Joey why he did not just walk away from this man who commented about his girlfriend.Joey explained to Warden Smith
that he always saw his father and uncles handle disagreements by fistfighting.He says this is the only way he knows how
to settle disputes.Joey asks for help from Warden Smith.What theory would explain Joey’s behavior?
a.
Critical
b.
Social learning
c.
Psychodynamic
d.
Choice
40. Warden Smith has met with thousands of inmates who have come into his prison.He firmly believes that the majority
of people who commit crime do so because of social structure theories.Which of the following is not considered a social
structure theory?
a.
Social disorganization
b.
Social learning
c.
Strain
d.
Cultural deviance
41. Warden Smith also reviews the background and criminal history of all offenders who enter his prison.He notices a
common theme—many of his inmates began offending at a very early age and they continued to offend well into
adulthood.These inmates are considered to be:
a.
Adolescent-limited offenders.
b.
Active persisters.
c.
Passive persisters.
d.
Life-course persisters.
42. The field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior, only its causes.
a.
True
b.
False
43. Target hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.
a.
True
b.
False
44. In recent years there has been increased interest in the biology of crime, including biochemical, neurological,
evolutionary, and genetic concerns.
a.
True
b.
False
45. Disinhibition is when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is seen as socially
acceptable.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Studies show that high serotonin levels are linked with poor impulse control andhyperactivity.
a.
True
b.
False
47. The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine activities theory.
a.
True
b.
False
48. According to situational crime prevention, if punishment is severe enough, known criminals will never be tempted to
repeat their offenses.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Cesare Lombroso’s views on crime causation were discredited.
a.
True
b.
False
50. The focus of neurological views of crime causation is twin and sibling behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
51. People suffering from conduct disorder have difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way.
a.
True
b.
False
52. Alexithymia is a disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, loss of appetite, and hopelessness.
a.
True
b.
False
53. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the way people perceive and mentally representthe world in which they
live.
a.
True
b.
False
54. According to social control theorists, society produces criminals by stigmatizing certain individuals as deviant.
a.
True
b.
False
55. The death penalty has been shown to be a deterrent to violent crime.
a.
True
b.
False
56. ADHD has been linked to antisocial behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Punishments such as arrest and formal sanctions have been shown to deter sociopaths.
a.
True
b.
False
58. Social process theories suggest that criminal behavior is learned.
a.
True
b.
False
59. Under critical criminal justice, the criminal justice system is viewed as a means of controlling the poor.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Under critical criminal justice, white collar crimes would likely be prosecuted with much less vigor.
a.
True
b.
False
61. Developmental theories are concerned with trying to understand why people commit crime.
a.
True
b.
False
62. Under the general theory of crime, criminal acts are attractive because they provide instant gratification for the
offender.
a.
True
b.
False
63. _________________ is a crime control approach that seeks to instill fear of criminal penalties in the public.
64. The terms “psychopath” and “sociopath” are commonly used to describe people who have a (n) ___________.
65. The concept of ____________________ refers to the absence or weakness of rules and social norms (normlessness) in
any person or group.
66. The concept of ____________________ refers to the frustration and inner conflict experienced by people who believe
that they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legitimate means.
67. ________ consists of the stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups that characterize a society.
68. ________ is the beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which criminal behavior is more
likely to persist throughout the life span.
69. According to labeling theorists, the use of social or physical restraints such as handcuffs, incarceration, or a criminal
record are examples of ____________________ ceremonies, believed to leave a lasting impression on the accused.
70. In cohesive communities, _________ may develop.This is characterized by mutual trust, a willingness to intervene in
the supervision of children, and the maintenance of public order.
71. According to Laub and Samson, “turning points” allow people to build ____________________—the positive
relations with individuals and institutions that contribute to success.
72. ___________________ may be considered typical teenagers who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be
considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends.
73. Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend into adulthood are known as
______________________.
74. The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior is known as _______________.
75. The major premise of ___________________ theory is that crime is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal
imbalance, or food allergies.
76. _______________are chemical compounds that influence or activate brain functions.
77. Johnny’s friend Maria hears that Johnny has been arrested and served some jail time for a DUI. Maria is fearful of
being arrested and punished herself, and decides that she will abstain from drinking and driving. This is an example of
____________________ deterrence.
78. _______________ is a condition characterized bya decrease in blood sugar levels that is thought to impair brain
function
79. ________________ suggests that as people age and mature they traverse a series of stages in which their view of what
is morally right or wrong changes and develops.
80. According to Merton’s strain theory, youths who reject conventional goals and choose to live as drug users or
alcoholics are called _______________.
81. A _______________ may occur when a state institution fails to enforce a law.
82. __________________ precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unintentionally
threatens or encourages the offender to act.
83. Why do some experts believe that crime is rational?
84. Of the six tactics of situational crime prevention, which do you think is the most effective, and why.
85. How do scientists test to see whethercrime is genetic?What does the current research show?
86. Explain the psychodynamic theory of crime.
87. Discuss two disorders that have been linked to antisocial youth.
88. Compare and contrast the various social structure theories of crime.
89. Which theory do you believe best explains the majority of criminal behavior, and why.
90. Suppose a public park has experienced numerous police calls for service because of teenagers “hanging out” in the
park, drinking, using drugs, and destroying property. The offenders have created holes in the fencing so they can access
the park after hours. They also congregate in areas with thick shrubbery that inhibits observation. Using concepts from
situational crime prevention, explain some ways that the park design could be improved or altered to deter this behavior.
91. Assuming that traits conducive to crime are biologically inherited, what are some possible ethical concerns with
continuing research?
92. Explain the evidence for and against IQ being a determinant of antisocial behavior.
93. Explain how concentrated disadvantage results in social disorganization.
94. Explain how institutional racism may influence police decision-making practices.
95. Consider how routine activity theory might explain a mugging in a parking lot. In your answer, explain the interplay
among the three elements of the crime triangle.
