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CHAPTER 3
THE LABOR MARKET: SOCIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
67. The area of greatest occupational growth in the next 10 years in the U. S is most likely to be in
a. agriculture.
b. manufacturing.
c. mining.
d. health care.
68. Which of these are responsible for the most changes in the U.S. work force?
a. growth needs
b. natural disasters
c. military demands
d. replacement needs
69. Which of these theories focuses on career choice by examining society rather than individual choices?
a. Holland’s theory
b. human capital theory
c. Super’s theory
d. work adjustment theory
70. Which of these theories focuses on career choice by examining society rather than individual choices?
a. Holland’s theory
b. status attainment theory
c. social learning theory
d. work adjustment theory
71. When young people work over 20 hours per week, this may lead to
a. improved school behavior
b. minor delinquent acts
c. problem behavior in school
d. all of the above
72. Which age group is most likely to be underemployed?
a. 17-26 year olds
b. 27-36 year olds
c. 37-46 year olds
d. 47-65 years old
73. Part time work can be helpful to high school students by giving them a sense of.
a. increased educational attainment.
b. autonomy.
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c. balance.
d. congruence.
74. The view that job demands can influence worker intellectual functioning is associated with
a. general trait and factor theory.
b. social cognitive care theory.
c. sociological approaches to career development.
d. work adjustment theory.
75. According to status attainment theory, one of the best predictors of occupational success is
a. parental occupation.
b. participation in sports.
c. peer pressure.
d. previous work experience.
76. According to status attainment theory, one of the best predictors of occupational success is
a. mother’s occupation.
b. participation in sports.
c. peer pressure.
d. previous work experience
77. Which of the following is most associated with status attainment theory?
a. ability
b. earnings
c. interests
d. prestige
78. Which of these theories focuses on prestige as a measure of occupational success?
a. human capital theory
b. status attainment theory
c. Holland’s theory
d. work adjustment theory
79. From status attainment theory, counselors can learn
a. inventory interpretation techniques.
b. the importance of helping clients counter sociological pressures.
c. the role that interests and abilities play in career development.
d. the role that parental attitudes play in career choice.
80. Which of the following theories views an individual like a firm?
a. human capital theory
b. status attainment theory
c. social cognitive career theory
d. work adjustment theory
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81. Mavis decides that after spending two years as a cashier that it would be a good idea for her to go to
business school so that she can make a better income. Mavis’s decision can best be explained by
a. human capital theory.
b. status attainment theory.
c. the structure of the labor market.
d. work adjustment theory.
82. Betsy has been a veterinarian’s assistant for three years. She has decided to go to veterinary school
despite the large expense. She believes it will pay off financially and in terms of job satisfaction. Betsy’s
decision can best be explained by
a. the structure of the labor market.
b. human capital theory.
c. Super’s adult development theory.
d. status attainment theory.
83. Which of these theories most closely resembles human capital theory?
a. general trait and factor theory
b. Myers-Briggs type theory
c. Roe’s theory
d. Phillips’s developmental relational model
84. One of the major criticisms of human capital theory is that it assumes
a. a labor market that is open to everyone regardless of race or gender.
b. all individuals are equal in their abilities.
c. parental child raising style does not appear to predict later occupational entry.
d. intellectual characteristics of individuals are unimportant.
85. Which of the following is most associated with human capital theory?
a. actions
b. earnings
c. interests
d. prestige
86. Which of these descriptions does NOT apply to the lower sections of the labor market?
a. high turnover
b. low pay
c. low social status
d. good working conditions
87. The primary labor market and other higher segments of the labor market are associated with
a. high pay.
b. low pay.
c. high turnover.
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d. low status.
88. A valid criticism of studies of the structure of the labor market is that
a. an individual’s stage in life is not adequately considered.
b. different researchers define major sectors of the economy differently.
c. research focuses too closely on earnings as a goal.
d. prestige is used as the major criterion for success.
89. Counselors can use their knowledge of the structure of the labor market in their work by pointing out
to their clients that
a. jobs that are easy to get in high school may be dead end jobs with little opportunity for advancement.
b. regular attendance at school throughout high school is very important.
c. selecting a career goal before leaving high school is very important.
d. they should consider their interests and abilities as well as job openings.
90. Knowledge of the structure of the labor market can help counselors by pointing out to their clients that
a. jobs vary to the degree that they lead to advancement or better paying jobs.
b. regular attendance at school throughout high school is very important.
c. selecting a career goal before leaving high school is very important.
d. they should consider their interests and abilities as well as job openings.
91. In the U.S., women are more likely to accept work that men might not because women
a. are more compliant.
b. tend to move in and out of the labor force more frequently.
c. are paid less.
d. are frequently members of unions.
92. Employment or unemployment rates include
a. all unemployed individuals.
b. individuals receiving welfare payments.
c. individuals that have been laid off.
d. unemployed individuals actively looking for work.
93. As a group, women tend to have
a. less turnover in jobs than men.
b. higher paying jobs than men.
c. lower paying jobs than men
d. more health problems than men.
94. Information on gender and pay shows that
a. men tend to earn more while women earn less.
b. women tend to earn more while men earn less.
c. women tend to enter highly paid professions.
d. women receive high salaries early in their careers.
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95. Which of the following counselor statements is inappropriate when counseling a female client?
a. Because women are not as strong as men they are not as qualified as men to do roofing work.
b. Please tell me what appeals to you about roofing.
c. Roofing can be hazardous due to the need to work high off of the ground.
d. Women can do roofing work.
96. Which of the following is NOT true about African American workers?
a. African American men are more subject to unemployment than white men due to layoffs and firings.
b. African Americans, on average, earn about two thirds to half as much as white workers.
c. African American workers have become increasingly isolated in ghetto areas of large cities.
d. Discrimination is limited to less educated African American workers.
97. Ogbu makes a contribution to the study of discrimination in the American labor force by
a. arguing that error discrimination does a great disservice to African American workers.
b. demonstrating that legislative changes have brought about diminishing discrimination towards African
Americans in the 1990s.
c. describing the effects of the structure of the labor market in the United States.
d. distinguishing between orientations toward work of voluntary and involuntary minority groups.
98. Regarding racial attitudes towards their clients, counselors as a group
a. have been able to avoid having their own attitudes affect their counseling.
b. have been vocal advocates against discrimination of people of color.
c. have done considerable damage to their clients because of the expression of unconscious racial beliefs.
d. need to be aware of their own racial attitudes towards their clients.