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True / False
1. One of the most startling facts about US jails is that more than half of their occupants are awaiting trial.
a.
True
b.
False
2. According to many scholars, a great percentage of defendants are considered indigent and cannot afford to post bail.
a.
True
b.
False
3. According to federal and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions.
a.
True
b.
False
4. For the most part, US correctional leaders agree that jails do quite a lot for inmates who have mental, emotional, or
alcohol-related problems.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Roughly one out of five people released on bail before their court date is rearrested before the trial.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Jail practices in the United States descend directly from feudal practices in twelfth-century Ireland.
a.
True
b.
False
7. In the United States today, most jail inmates are young Caucasian males.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The federal government currently does not operate any jails in its system.
a.
True
b.
False
9. It is estimated that roughly two-thirds of all jail inmates have a history of mental problems.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire US correctional system.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Defendants who are regarded as dangerous or likely to commit crimes while awaiting trial are kept in jail for society's
protection under preventive detention.
a.
True
b.
False
12. By definition, jail terms are longer than prison terms.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Crowding produces problems for jail management.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Local correctional workers are among the most poorly trained employees in the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Jails are the entryway to corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from which country?
a.
England
b.
France
c.
Ireland
d.
Spain
17. One of the most troubling trends in the US jail system over the past two decades is the increasing incarceration rate for
________.
a.
young white males
b.
young African American males
c.
young Hispanic males
d.
young Asian males
18. Operated as facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails have customarily been run by _____________.
a.
state police
b.
county sheriffs
c.
state probation departments
d.
state parole departments
19. The ___________ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate
held.
a.
pay
b.
lease
c.
fee
d.
provider
20. A large number of inmates (over 30 percent) are currently housed in ________ jails; facilities that often hold 2,000 or
more prisoners and are operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units.
a.
federal
b.
regional
c.
state
d.
county
21. A _____________ is a temporary (up to forty-eight hours) holding facility for those who have been arrested and are
awaiting an appearance in front of a judge.
a.
day reporting center
b.
holding camp
c.
community center
d.
lockup
22. In 1984 the ________ authorized holding allegedly dangerous defendants without bail for what has become known as
preventive detention.
a.
Comprehensive Crime Control Act
b.
Statutory Crime Control Act
c.
Federal Crime Control Act
d.
Congressional Crime Control Act
23. Nationally, about ______ percent of all people placed in jail have been found to be under the influence of alcohol or
an illegal drug at the time of arrest.
a.
10
b.
25
c.
50
d.
75
24. Which of the following is NOT one of the three mains reasons used to support pretrial diversion programs?
a.
Diversion is cheaper then criminal justice processing.
b.
A stigma is attached to being labeled a criminal.
c.
Many offenders’ crimes are caused by special problems (for example, addiction).
d.
It helps prevent the accused from committing further crimes.
25. Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do
not exceed _________.
a.
one1 month
b.
six6 weeks
c.
three3 months
d.
one1 year
26. According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was
a.
the warehousing of the surplus population of immigrants.
b.
detention of those sentenced by the court.
c.
to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
d.
to inflict short-term punishment (for example, corporal punishment) on the offender.
27. When a correctional officer uses his or her authority to deprive an inmate of his or her ________ rights, that inmate
can sue to halt the violation and collect damages.
a.
Miranda
b.
universal
c.
Federalist
d.
civil
28. One of the best ways to reduce ________ is to develop specific standards for routine jail operation practices and
procedures.
a.
rehabilitation
b.
litigation
c.
recidivism
d.
overcrowding
29. Recently there has been a major emphasis on programs to __________ offenders awaiting trial.
a.
punish
b.
convict
c.
sentence
d.
release
30. Over one in seven jails is operating under a ________ of one type or another, typically related to overcrowding.
a.
court order
b.
correctional mandate
c.
writ of habeas corpus
d.
writ of mandamus
31. ____________ supervision is a method of correctional management in which staff members have direct physical
contact with inmates throughout the day.
a.
Deterrent
b.
Pretrial
c.
Preventive
d.
Direct
32. Generally it has been found that building new jails or ________ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on
the problem of crowding.
a.
limiting
b.
controlling
c.
decreasing
d.
increasing
33. According to the latest jail census, most jail employees (72 percent) are expected to perform __________ duties as
their primary responsibility.
a.
treatment
b.
educational
c.
custodial
d.
clerical
34. New-generation jails represent the most recent development in jail design. Which of the following is NOT one of the
general concepts used within this design?
a.
interaction space
b.
podular design
c.
individual privacy
d.
personal space
35. Jails are considered to be the _________ corrections.
a.
bright point of
b.
entryway to
c.
dark side of
d.
ultimate barrier to
36. In the 1800s, the main goal of the jail began to change in response to the _____________ movement.
a.
probation
b.
reformatory
c.
penitentiary
d.
mark system
37. __________________ refers to a type of jail confinement in which the accused is locked up in order to protect the
community from the potential crimes the accused may commit if released before trial.
a.
Shock probation
b.
Preventive detention
c.
Controlled internment
d.
Defensive confinement
38. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the most significant problems facing jail inmates today?
a.
nutrition
b.
mental health issues
c.
substance dependency
d.
legal concerns
39. By far the most successful pretrial release program has been_____________________.
a.
day reporting centers
b.
percentage bail (10 percent)
c.
property bonds
d.
release on recognizance (ROR)
40. Today the most pressing medical issue in jails is ___________, accounting for 7 percent of jail deaths annually in the
United States.
a.
gonorrhea
b.
suicide
c.
tuberculosis
d.
diabetes
Rob is a jail administrator. The facility he oversees is designed in podular units and encourages staff and offender
interaction. However, maintaining qualified staff is an on-going issue for Rob.
41. Based on the above scenario, what type of facility is Rob the administrator of?
a.
New-Generation jail
b.
Old-School jail
c.
Super-Max jail
d.
Jail of the Future
42. What supervision style is used in this jail?
a.
direct supervision
b.
indirect supervision
c.
inmate-run supervision
d.
hands-off supervision
43. Based on the information in the scenario, what issue does Rob face as an administrator?
a.
personnel matters
b.
inmate violence
c.
inmate suicides
d.
overcrowding
Caleb was held in custody for two weeks before he could pay for his release. Once he was released, he was confined to
his home per court order. Caleb failed to appear for his next court appearance.
44. What release mechanism was used for Caleb's release?
a.
bail
b.
parole
c.
release on own recognizance
d.
expiration release
45. What program was Caleb ordered to upon release?
a.
electric monitoring
b.
parole
c.
boot camp
d.
halfway house
46. Caleb didn't appear for court; therefore it is believed he ________________.
a.
absconded
b.
died
c.
forgot
d.
got lost
Debbie was arrested for a domestic assault against her husband. She was placed in a secure facility for thirty-six hours
before appearing before a judge. The judge ordered her to remain in custody until her next court hearing. Debbie
reported she was not taking her medications when she assaulted her husband but adamantly denied being under the
influence of drugs or alcohol. After her second court appearance, Debbie was released on her promise to reappear.
47. What type of facility was Debbie placed in before her court appearance?
a.
lockup
b.
mental health ward
c.
detox center
d.
prison
48. While awaiting the next court appearance, Debbie was held on ____________.
a.
pretrial detention.
b.
a parole violation.
c.
post-court detention.
d.
a probation violation.
49. Based on the scenario, what special issues may the jail face with Debbie?
a.
mental health issues
b.
withdrawals from alcohol
c.
too many visitors
d.
withdrawals from meth
50. What type of release was ordered for Debbie?
a.
release on own recognizance
b.
bail
c.
parole
d.
probation
51. A facility operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units is known as a
a.
regional jail.
b.
mixed jurisdiction jail.
c.
co-op jail.
d.
blended jail.
52. Pretrial detainees
a.
have not been convicted of the crimes they are being held on.
b.
have no rights.
c.
typically have medical insurance.
d.
rarely have substance abuse issues.
53. The average delay between and arrest and sentencing is
a.
about one week.
b.
about two months.
c.
more than six months.
d.
at least one year.
54. Defendants who do not appear for a court hearing are called
a.
absconders.
b.
air heads.
c.
forgetters.
d.
inmates.
55. The ____________ is a living area for a group of inmates that defines a post or a watch.
56. The proportion of a state’s population in jail is often referred to as the_____________ rate.
57. A ______________ is an independent businessperson who provides bail money for a fee.
58. A __________________ program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by
the prosecutor (for example, drug rehab) in exchange for no jail time.
59. ____________ are people who fail to appear for a court date and have no legitimate reason for doing so.
60. _______________________ is the deliberate confining of a person in jail to protect the community from crimes the
person may commit if released before trial.
61. The smallest local jails in America are called police _____________.
62. The two jurisdictions that currently house the most jail inmates in America are Los Angeles County and
____________.
63. A _________ system is a system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate
held.
64. As facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails customarily have been run by law enforcement officials
known as ___________.
65. People in jail are younger and disproportionately African American, and in terms of marriage status most are
______________.
66. One-third of the deaths that occur in jail are ___________.
67. In jail, most _______________ episodes occur during or just after jail intake.
68. Most jails lack _________________ to provide care for mentally ill offenders.
69. Despite the short stays of inmates in jails, specialized treatment programs designed especially for jails have shown
________ amount of success.
70. ___________ are those individuals who are dependent upon a drug or alcohol.
71. Release on recognizance assumes that ties to the _____________ give people an incentive to keep their promises to
appear and to retain their status in the community.
72. In terms of cost, compared to incarceration, diversion has been shown to be a ___________ alternative.
73. A thirty- to ninety-day sentence is typical for a _____________ level of offense.
74. Many people take custodial positions on a ______________ basis while awaiting an opening in the ranks of the
sheriff's law enforcement officers.
75. Describe how the close link and relationship between jail administration and local politics affect jail operations and
management.
76. Describe the US jail population. List at least four distinct populations likely to be held in a jail. Identify the specific
complications associated with the four populations you’ve identified. Discuss the management challenges this poses.
77. What is bail? Is this a reliable and effective system toward achieving the aims associated with its intent? Why or why
not? What might we use instead?
78. Explain the ideas that gave rise to pretrial diversion. Discuss at least three main reasons advanced in support of pretrial
diversion. What do critics counter? Discuss the successes and failures associated with this correctional practice.
79. Describe a new-generation jail and direct supervision. Explain the benefits of using this form of supervision with
offenders in custody. Address any potential risk factors that may be present with direct supervision.
80. List two special problems jail detainees often present and explain why they represent an issue for jail administrators.
Explain how these can jeopardize the security of the facility for the detainees and staff.
