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55. Relatively few offenders break federal criminal laws compared to the large numbers who break state criminal laws.
a. True
b. False
56. Criminal justice in the United States is highly decentralized.
a. True
b. False
57. Criminal justice is a system of parts - police, courts, corrections - that do not affect each other.
a. True
b. False
58. Plea bargaining is an example of an exchange relationship in the criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
59. At all levels of the justice process, there is a high degree of discretion employed by decision makers.
a. True
b. False
60. Criminal justice agencies are not dependent on others for funding.
a. True
b. False
61. In the United States, the law may be interpreted differently in various states.
a. True
b. False
62. More than half of convicted offenders are supervised in the community.
a. True
b. False
63. Because police usually observe the crimes that occur, they are at an advantage in quickly arresting offenders.
a. True
b. False
64. Most cases proceed to trial in the American criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
65. In the American criminal justice system, all cases undergo the same process and receive equal attention.
a. True
b. False
66. Minorities are subjected to much higher rates of incarceration than the white majority.
a. True
b. False
67. Minority groups do not suffer greatly from poverty.
a. True
b. False
68. There is no evidence of racism in the way society asks the criminal justice system to operate.
a. True
b. False
69. Explain Cole and Smith's use of the concepts of system and exchange to describe the criminal justice system. Is
this a useful way to view criminal justice? Why or why not?
70. Cole and Smith provide three explanations for why minorities are subjected to the criminal justice system at much
higher rates than the white majority. Briefly summarize one of these three explanations and discuss its strengths
and weaknesses.
71. Imagine you are a legislator in your home state. What policy might you suggest for reducing racism in the criminal
justice system?
72. Explain how recent high profile cases may suggest or refute racial disparity within the criminal justice system.
73. What impact does the federal budget have on the FBI?
74. A document charging an individual with a specific crime, which is prepared by a prosecuting attorney and presented
to a court at a preliminary hearing is an _______.
a. indictment
b. information
c. arraignment
d. trial
75. An _________ is returned by a grand jury as a true bill charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of
a determination of probable cause.
a. information
b. arrest
c. warrant
d. indictment
76. The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and _______ those
who disobey the law.
a. punishing
b. sentencing
c. correcting
d. instructing
77. The ______ is better able than any state agency to pursue criminal investigations across state borders.
a. US Marshal
b. Secret Service
c. FBI
d. Homeland Security
78. To achieve the goals of criminal justice, many kinds of organizations--police, prosecution, _______, corrections
have been formed.
a. courts
b. defense
c. bail bonds
d. magistrate
79. Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?
a. keeping the peace
b. preventing crime
c. providing social services
d. providing probation services
80. At the _________ the suspect is brought before a judge and are given formal notice of the charge(s) for which
they are being held, advised of their rights, and, if approved by the judge, given a chance to post bail.
81. ________ is the unequal treatment of members of one demographic group by the criminal justice system,
compared with treatment accorded members of other groups.
82. A ________ occurs when the defense attorney and the prosecutor reach an agreement: The defendant agrees to
plead guilty in exchange for a reduction of charges or a lighter sentence.
83. Courts are responsible for ________--determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.
84. ______ and parole have long been important aspects of corrections, as have community-based halfway houses,
work release programs, and supervised activities.
85. Explain how law enforcement, courts, and corrections work together to form the criminal justice system. Explain
the duties of each subsystem.
86. List and describe the 13 steps in the decision making process.
87. Explain why discretion is such an important component to the criminal justice system. Could the American criminal
justice system exist without discretion? Why or why not?
88. Explain how plea bargaining is an exchange within the criminal justice system.
89. Explain the layers of the criminal justice wedding cake.
90. Determine and explain what constitutes racial profiling. Give three examples of racial profiling.
91. Explain why African American men have a difficult time in the criminal justice system.
Ly'ana is an FBI agent who has recently been called into a local municipality police department to assist in a theft
of approximately 50,000 dollars. Ly'ana assisted the local department in solving the particular case and is preparing
to go to court when the prosecutor determines that the defense attorney has offered a plea bargain. The defendant
will admit guilt and is willing to serve 18 months in prison.
92. Ly'ana has been called in to assist the local police department in a theft of $50,000. Ly'ana represents the federal
law enforcement. What act, passed by Congress, allows Ly'ana to assist the department?
a. Commission on Law Enforcement Act
b. Homeland Security Act
c. National Stolen Property Act
d. Transporation Security Act
93. Both the prosecution and defense agreed to an exchange relationship in Ly'ana's case. Which of the following
represent an exchange?
a. sequential tasks
b. filtering process
c. discretion
d. plea bargain
94. The offender in Ly'ana's case agreed to an 18 month prison sentence. The offender is what percent of convicted
felons in prison/jail?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
95. Ly'ana was allowed to assist local law enforcement due to law passed by _______.
a. The US President
b. Congress
c. Mayor
d. The Governor
Ethan was arrested for public drunkeness and lewd and lascivious behavior after attending his close friend's
bachelor party. This is his first encounter with the criminal justice system. He works as a project manager with a
local construction company. Ethan has been involved with his girlfriend for three years. His attorney has reached
an agreement with the prosecutor to reduce his sentence to probation.
96. Based upon the wedding cake model, which layer would Ethan's case fall under?
a. Layer 1
b. Layer 2
c. Layer 3
d. Layer 4
97. Ethan was arrested for public drunkeness and lewd and lascivious behavior. In order for this arrest to occur, the
officer had to have ______.
a. probable cause
b. reasonable suspicion
c. hunch
d. doubt
98. Ethan's attorney and the prosecutor were able to work out an agreement on the expectation of a guilty plea. This
agreement is also known as a ___________.
a. system
b. task
c. plea bargain
d. filtering system
99. Ethan agrees to a sentence of 18 months probation. His sentence will be served under what agency of the criminal
justice system?
a. law enforcement
b. courts
c. corrections
d. deferred prosecution
Christian is a 20 year old African American male. He plays football for a Division I college, and also happens to
have a 4.0 GPA in biology. Christian hopes to enter dental school at the completion of his undergraduate studies.
Walking home from a late night at the gym, campus security comes up behind him and demands to know what he
is doing. Christian states that he is on his way back to his dorm. Campus security places him in handcuffs and
says that he is under arrest for breaking and entering due to a recent report. Christian does not resist this arrest
and hopes he can clarify once they are in the station.
100. Christian was most likely approached by security based upon his skin color. This would be a clear case of
__________.
a. disparity
b. discrimination
c. racial profiling
d. racism
101. Unfortunately, African American males are often treated differently by the criminal justice system. In Christian's
case, his arrest would be considered a ________.
a. racism
b. racial profiling
c. discrimination
d. disparity
