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True / False
1. The Pennsylvania System focused on the isolation of inmates and serving penance.
a.
True
b.
False
2. English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The Auburn System focused on a congregate system of operations.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin
toward perfection.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Correctional practices, especially the use of the penitentiary, developed similarly across the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The ideas of inmate classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the
Elmira Reformatory for boys.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s.
a.
True
b.
False
12. The infamous Attica Prison Riot that took place in September 1971 at New York State’s Attica Correctional Facility
aided and inspired the move toward a community corrections model.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Not until the 1960s were there serious attempts made to implement the ideas of the medical model of corrections in
the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the immediate aftermath of the American
Revolutionary War.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Until the early 1900s, Americans followed the European practice of relying on brutal forms of corporal punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The Progressives thought it necessary to know the life history of each offender in order to devise an appropriate
treatment plan for that specific individual.
a.
True
b.
False
17. The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is:
a.
England.
b.
France.
c.
Egypt.
d.
the United States.
18. In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?
a.
legalistic
b.
religious
c.
socialist
d.
capitalist
19. The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several different locations; which one became the fullest
expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement?
a.
Potomac, Maryland
b.
Auburn, New York
c.
Trenton, New Jersey
d.
Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania
20. Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:
a.
human nature.
b.
forces in the environment.
c.
biology.
d.
sin.
21. The was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other
inmates.
a.
congregate system
b.
assemble system
c.
separate confinement system
d.
segregated confinement system
22. The “congregate” system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:
a.
Walnut Street Jail.
b.
Sing Sing Penitentiary.
c.
Eastern Penitentiary.
d.
Auburn Penitentiary.
23. The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was:
a.
Sing Sing Prison.
b.
Auburn State Penitentiary
c.
Elmira Reformatory.
d.
Cincinnati City Prison.
24. With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:
a.
vocational programs for criminals.
b.
educational programs for offenders.
c.
the treatment and diagnosis of criminals.
d.
work release programs for criminals.
25. Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America:
a.
sharply declined.
b.
sharply increased.
c.
remained unchanged.
d.
none of the above.
26. During the colonial period most Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from ___________ and adapted
to local conditions.
a.
Italy
b.
England
c.
Germany
d.
France
27. Separate confinement was first implemented in:
a.
Eastern State Penitentiary.
b.
Western State Penitentiary.
c.
Auburn Penitentiary.
d.
Walnut Street Jail.
28. The penitentiary was to be a place where:
a.
offenders were isolated from bad influences in society.
b.
offenders were isolated from one another.
c.
offenders could reflect on their misdeeds.
d.
all of these
29. The opening of both Western (1825) and Eastern State (1829) Penitentiaries in Pennsylvania marked the full
implementation of the ____________ system of corrections.
a.
the congregate
b.
inmate labor
c.
the separate confinement
d.
contract-lease
30. The medical model of corrections began to be implemented during the:
a.
1890s.
b.
1920s.
c.
1930s.
d.
1960s.
31. In regard to the convict lease system, prisoners were:
a.
used only for prison maintenance .
b.
used for non-profit labor purposes.
c.
used for labor for profit by private interests.
d.
confined to work in their cells performing meaningless tasks.
32. During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving
conditions in social environments and:
a.
feeding inmates a more nutritious diet.
b.
ensuring prisoners were not in solitude.
c.
reintegrating inmates into society.
d.
rehabilitating individual offenders.
33. The _________________ refers to an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they
could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation.
a.
panopticon
b.
jail
c.
reformatory
d.
penitentiary
34. Which of the following is NOT one of the major reforms created and successfully implemented by the Progressives?
a.
probation
b.
determinate sentencing
c.
parole
d.
indeterminate sentencing
35. The approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic,
psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual
behavior.
a.
Classical School
b.
Positivist School
c.
Progressive School
d.
Neoclassical School
36. The was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate
sentences, and parole.
a.
penitentiary
b.
jail
c.
juvenile detention center
d.
reformatory
37. The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs first took hold in the:
a.
North.
b.
West.
c.
South.
d.
East.
38. Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by:
a.
John Howard.
b.
John Haviland.
c.
Jeremy Bentham.
d.
Cesare Lombroso.
39. By the mid-1800s, reformers became disillusioned with the _____________ since rehabilitation or deterrence was not
being realized.
a.
parole system
b.
contract-lease system
c.
penitentiary
d.
mark system
40. ______________________ has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in England,
which called for an inmate to obtain marks toward early release.
a.
John Howard
b.
Sir Walter Crofton
c.
Jeremy Bentham
d.
Alexander Maconochie
41. According to community-based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to:
a.
punish the offender.
b.
reintegrate the offender.
c.
focus on the victim.
d.
achieve justice.
42. According to the _____________________ model of corrections, criminals can be controlled appropriately through
more direct use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
a.
due process
b.
crime control
c.
medical
d.
reformatory
43. Beginning in the 1930s, reformers put forward the _____________ model of corrections, which viewed criminal
behavior as caused by psychological or biological deficiencies.
a.
medical
b.
due process
c.
community
d.
crime control
44. Although the idea of ______________ had been developed in Australia and Ireland in the 1850s and instituted at the
Elmira Reformatory in 1876, not until the mid-1920s did this practice become readily accepted and implemented
throughout the United States.
a.
work-release
b.
probation
c.
parole
d.
determinate sentencing
45. _________________ is an alternative to incarceration which allows offenders to be treated in the community under
supervised conditions.
a.
Parole
b.
Probation
c.
Contract-lease
d.
Determinate sentencing
46. The reformatory movement emphasized education and __________________ , and on the basis of an inmate’s
successful participation in both could conceivably earn him/her early release.
a.
training
b.
religion
c.
treatment
d.
penance
47. _______________________was commissioned the first Warden of the Auburn State Penitentiary in New York in
1821; he instituted a system that called for the inmates to adhere to strict discipline and to wear pinstripes and to walk in
lockstep.
a.
Zebulon Brockway
b.
Elam Lynds
c.
John Haviland
d.
Sanford Bates
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young offenders
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for offenders
d. Done by inmate labor
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates prisoners from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
48. Lease system
49. Positivist school
50. Congregate system
51. Contract labor system
52. Mark system
53. Penitentiary
54. Reformatory
55. Community corrections
56. Crime control model
57. Medical model
58. An institution intended to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds,
repent, and undergo reformation is called a .
59. The ______________ were a group that looked to the social, economic, biological, and psychological rather than
religious or moral explanations for the causes of crime.
60. The first two decades of the 1900s, referred to as ______________, set the dominant tone for U.S. social thought and
political action through the 1960s.
61. After the Civil War, southern legislatures passed the , harsh laws designed to control newly freed African
Americans.
62. The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological,
or biological deficiencies that require .
63. Progressives implemented probation, , and parole throughout the United States.
64. Progressives wanted to know the ______________ of an offender so that they could devise an individualized
treatment program.
65. The first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons upon authorization by Congress in 1929 was
.
66. The 1980s in corrections centered on crime control through and risk containment.
67. The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a model of corrections.
68. A _________________ is an institution that is created for young offenders that emphasizes education and training, a
mark system of classification, parole, and indeterminate sentences.
69. In 1682, with the arrival of William Penn, Pennsylvania adopted the “___________,” which was based on humane
Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes.
70. Although conceptualized by early English reformers, the penitentiary first appeared in the United States in the city of
____________, when part of the Walnut Street Jail was converted to allow for separate confinement.
71. The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development and implementation of the
_______________ system.
72. The _________________ penitentiary system of incarceration called for inmates to be held in isolation at night but to
work with other inmates during the day under a rule of silence.
73. The congregate penitentiary system was more concerned with instilling good work habits to prevent a relapse into
crime than with ________________ an offender’s character.
74. Immediately following the Civil War, the ______________ system of corrections permitted inmates to be loaned to
private contractors who provided prisoners food and clothing in exchange for their labor.
75. Discuss the importance that the state of Pennsylvania played within the correctional system. What impact if any does
it still have on our correctional institutions today?
76. The nature and practices of corrections relate to environment. What kinds of conditions were prevalent in the South
after the Civil War and how did this landscape affect corrections? Was anything unique or distinct in this region?
77. Discuss the historical development of parole and indeterminate sentencing. Does either have a place in the current
correctional climate or would we be better off to abolish them? Defend your answer.
78. Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania system to the New York system of corrections. Discuss the pros and cons of
each. Are any of the concepts still used in prisons today? If so how, and if not, why not?
