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1. More African American men attend colleges and universities than are behind bars.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Corrections has a clear mission in the process of handling offenders and the overall goal of their individual
agencies.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The philosophy of the U.S. corrections system has remained static over the years.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The short-term history of corrections seems dominated by fads.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Jails, prisons, probation, and parole all struggle to work effectively together.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Most correctional employees receive equal pay raises regardless of performance.
a.
True
b.
False
7. There are two goals for corrections staff: attracting the right people to work in corrections and motivating
them to remain once employed.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Replacing decrepit facilities is cost effective.
a.
True
b.
False
9. If we could do it all again, we would likely have envisioned the corrections system we have today.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The length of an inmate’s prison stay has nearly tripled over the last 30 years.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Corrections, as a system today, now has a clear and distinct mission.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Evidence-based practice has come to stand for a strategy of correctional development.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Crime rates are the lowest they have been in a generation.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Although the correctional population has increased significantly over the past few decades, the number of officers and
staff has decreased dramatically.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The key consideration that the new generation of correctional leaders will face is how to redirect an enormous
enterprise in need of a new vision.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Programs that have been proven ineffective by research efforts are easily discarded for new innovative strategies.
a.
True
b.
False
17. The U.S. corrections system has become much harsher than other systems of a free society.
a.
True
b.
False
18. The term refers to the use of technology to monitor those on community corrections.
a.
techno-corrections
b.
techno-prison
c.
techno-warden
d.
techno-jails
19. The number of people under correctional control currently totals over:
a.
2 million.
b.
4 million.
c.
7 million.
d.
9 million.
20. Most of those in charge of today’s corrections system would argue that what we are doing is:
a.
effective.
b.
self-destructive.
c.
fair.
d.
reasonable.
21. Corrections lacks a clear:
a.
mission.
b.
method.
c.
structure.
d.
approach.
22. In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was:
a.
retribution.
b.
rehabilitation.
c.
incapacitation.
d.
deterrence.
23. If the correctional mission is unclear, the best correctional strategies and techniques often:
a.
have a high rate of success.
b.
work effectively.
c.
do not seem to work.
d.
enjoy wide public support.
24. The most experienced correctional workers have seen highly praised programs:
a.
gain widespread support.
b.
achieve great ends.
c.
come and go.
d.
fail to be implemented.
25. The most stringent correctional methods are applied in practice.
a.
fairly
b.
disproportionately
c.
sparingly
d.
liberally
26. The history of corrections has taught us that we often the people we try to help.
a.
cure
b.
reach
c.
neglect
d.
injure
27. A structural problem with corrections is that the system depends on significant factors:
a.
outside of its control.
b.
that conflict with one another.
c.
that cannot be administered fairly.
d.
outside budget capabilities.
28. A recent trend that aims to improve agency coordination is:
a.
mission clarity.
b.
partnerships.
c.
restructuring.
d.
method clarity.
29. Corrections’ main resource is:
a.
money.
b.
power.
c.
personnel.
d.
law.
30. One example of techno-corrections is:
a.
electronic monitoring.
b.
guard tower controls.
c.
probation officers.
d.
work-release centers.
31. The “Iron Law of Prison Populations” refers to the size of a prison population determined by the number of
people who are sent to prison and their:
a.
gender.
b.
length of stay.
c.
classification.
d.
age.
32. A potential threat to administrators’ ability to manage the correctional system is:
a.
media coverage.
b.
privatization.
c.
personnel.
d.
a schizophrenic public.
33. A constitutional and traditional barricade in our government is:
a.
harsh punishment.
b.
the separation of powers.
c.
disproportionality.
d.
interagency cooperation.
34. The authors contend that the field of corrections will get nowhere without:
a.
ample resources.
b.
effective methodologies.
c.
effective leadership.
d.
a new vision.
35. Leadership studies suggest that:
a.
good leaders can handle any situation.
b.
great leaders are born not made.
c.
Winston Churchill is the ideal leader.
d.
skills must fit the situation.
36. According to the authors, most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in:
a.
budgetary constraints.
b.
legal constraints.
c.
lack of interagency partnerships.
d.
lack of a clear mission.
37. In recent years there has been a dramatic growth in what type of studies?
a.
leadership effectiveness
b.
program effectiveness
c.
prison effectiveness
d.
vision effectiveness
38. Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:
a.
nearly twice as short.
b.
nearly twice as long.
c.
nearly identical.
d.
incomparable.
39. The social costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by:
a.
working-class families.
b.
suburban communities.
c.
upper-class families.
d.
minority communities.
40. The crime rate today is about what it was in:
a.
1953.
b.
1963.
c.
1973.
d.
1993.
41. A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is the:
a.
American Correctional Association.
b.
National Institute of Corrections.
c.
California Peace Officers Association.
d.
American Probation and Parole Association.
42. A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip professional
associations and government agencies is:
a.
you.
b.
the media.
c.
professors of criminal justice.
d.
comprehensive research.
43. Several forces contribute to the constant change in corrections, predominantly professional associations and
____________.
a.
lobbyists
b.
government agencies
c.
the general public
d.
the media
44. The National Institute of Corrections is a division of the _____________ housed within the Department of Justice.
a.
Corrections Corp. of America
b.
American Corrections Association
c.
Federal Corrections Association
d.
Federal Bureau of Prisons
45. Which of the following is NOT one of the four major forces that are now shaping corrections in the United States?
a.
professionalization
b.
techno-corrections
c.
evidence-based practices
d.
increasing crime rates
46. According to the authors, all of the following are considered to be major dilemmas facing corrections, except:
a.
time.
b.
methods.
c.
mission.
d.
structure.
47. When American penologists met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of ______________ that become a
model of corrections around the world.
48. The growth of the American correctional system has affected minority group members.
49. Correctional leaders, the authors assert, should articulate their and establish a clearer policy to guide
its implementation.
50. A is a situation that forces one to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives.
51. The list of correctional methods includes reduced caseloads, offender counseling, family counseling,
group treatment, restitutions, and offender classification.
52. The parade of new programs shifts the emphasis from to .
53. One of the initial recruiting problems for those working within corrections is the low starting .
54. Correctional is difficult to assess.
55. The public’s desire to punish criminals is not backed up by willingness to for the cost of punishment.
56. The challenge we face is bringing our more into line with our .
57. The problem of ___________ in corrections is one of interdependence and coordination.
58. Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in getting other ___________ to avoid actions
that severely constrain their ability to function.
59. The main resource of corrections is ____________.
60. _________________, along with fiscal constraints, has produced unprecedented concern about correctional costs.
61. Most correctional officials recognize that focusing on prisons is a ___________ rather than a ____________
approach.
62. Borrowed from the field of medicine, the ______________ creates an experiment in which some people are given the
treatment and an identical group is not, so whatever difference in how the two groups turn out is assumed to be the result
of the treatment or non-treatment.
63. The emergence of professionalization in corrections has led to two important consequences: the field is
_____________, and performance meets a higher standard.
64. The field of corrections will go nowhere without effective _____________.
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections is divided against itself
c. Problem of attraction and motivation
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i. Achieves correctional goals through technology
j. Disproportionately affected minority group members
65. Correctional growth
66. Dilemma
67. Motivational interviewing
68. Mission
69. Internal structure
70. Personnel
71. Techno-corrections
72. Regressive approach
73. Systematic review
74. Random field trial
75. Discuss what is meant when it is said that corrections has an ambiguous mission. What role does a mission
play? How does this ambiguity affect the system? What does the public want from the system? What do
offenders want? What do victims want? Communities? Discuss whether or how these desires can be reconciled.
76. Determine in accordance with the authors what “good leadership” means in terms of the current corrections
system. Determine what it will take for leaders to more widely implement “what works” in corrections. What
changes will need to be made for the future of corrections?
77. List and explain the four substantial forces that are now shaping the U.S. corrections system. Of the four,
which do you feel may have the most impact? In contrast, which do you feel will have the least impact? Be sure
to explain your responses for both questions.
78. After having read all of the chapters by these authors and having acquired a great deal of knowledge about
the correctional system, decide if you see yourself working within this field. Regardless of whether you were to
choose not to have a career in this field, what one or more contributions do you feel you could make toward
corrections as a whole?
