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1. The community justice approach combines crime control and rehabilitation.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The growth of the penal system tends to be random in nature and scope.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the
sanctions.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Offender community service gives sanctions to offenders and restores victims and their communities.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Citizen partnerships between justice agencies and citizen groups improve the legitimacy of justice programs.
a.
True
b.
False
7. There are four basic types of restorative justice strategies—victim–offender mediation, community boards,
family group conferencing, and circle sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Community justice and criminal justice as defined refer to the same process.
a.
True
b.
False
11. For most significant crimes, the state or federal government has legal jurisdiction within politically determined
boundaries.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Traditional justice attempts to develop standardized approaches to crime problems that are applied uniformly across
the entire legal jurisdiction.
a.
True
b.
False
13. One of the negatives about community justice approaches is that they fail to recognize the underlying problems of the
offender, victims, and others in the neighborhood.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Reintegration is the solution sought in the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The community justice ideal is to ultimately improve the quality of community life.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Most programs of economic development in the community, including “weed and seed” programs, have had quite a
successful track record in regard to improving community environments while reducing instances of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Community justice does not replace the need for criminal justice, but it fills in where the justice system fails to meet
community needs.
a.
True
b.
False
18. The proactive approach to restorative justice is based on the assumption that preventing crime is the most efficient aim
of justice.
a.
True
b.
False
19. An innovative neighborhood-based approach to reducing crime and increasing public safety is:
a.
restorative justice.
b.
community justice.
c.
community surveillance.
d.
broken windows theory.
20. As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional
tasks, which are:
a.
apprehension.
b.
conviction.
c.
punishment.
d.
all of these.
21. Most police departments said they practiced some form of:
a.
community corrections.
b.
community maintenance.
c.
community justice.
d.
community policing.
22. Victimization rates are higher for:
a.
wealthy whites.
b.
African American suburbanites.
c.
African Americans and Latinos.
d.
white urbanites.
23. are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of
those areas.
a.
Hot spots
b.
Problem areas
c.
Locations
d.
Issues
24. Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as:
a.
neighborhood watch.
b.
crime mapping.
c.
community policing.
d.
proactive approach.
25. seeks to re-establish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the
criminal event.
a.
Community justice
b.
Restorative function
c.
Community surveillance
d.
Restorative justice
26. By the 1990s, approximately percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts toward
community policing practices.
a.
20
b.
45
c.
65
d.
80
27. The community justice strategy of seeks to change the places where crime occurs.
a.
restorative justice
b.
community policing
c.
environmental crime prevention
d.
all of these
28. While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice:
a.
is based in a state or local jurisdiction.
b.
focuses on solving crime problems.
c.
seeks to punish offenders.
d.
does none of the above.
29. Which of the following is an argument against community justice?
a.
impingement on individual rights
b.
social inequality
c.
increasing costs
d.
all of these
30. The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with:
a.
winning.
b.
offenders.
c.
victims.
d.
safety.
31. We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are:
a.
poor.
b.
integrated.
c.
assimilated.
d.
segregated.
32. When a neighborhood is plagued by arrests, incarceration, joblessness, crime, and poverty, it is an example
of a phenomenon known as:
a.
concentrated space.
b.
determined space.
c.
spatial concentration.
d.
spatial application.
33. The number of minority children with fathers in prison or jail is approximately:
a.
500,000.
b.
1 million.
c.
1.5 million.
d.
2 million.
34. The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably:
a.
slow.
b.
fast.
c.
unwelcome.
d.
measured.
35. The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the:
a.
1970s.
b.
1980s.
c.
1990s.
d.
2000s.
36. Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change:
a.
the places crime tends to occur.
b.
the crimes that tend to occur.
c.
common patrols routes.
d.
the manner of police dispatch.
37. Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs
result in greater for both victims and offenders.
a.
fairness
b.
satisfaction
c.
frustration
d.
disappointment
38. Community justice attempts to:
a.
apply strategies uniformly.
b.
tailor strategies individually.
c.
apply strategies based on funding.
d.
tailor strategies to the law.
39. People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want:
a.
bad guys off their streets.
b.
bad guys sent to prison.
c.
people not to go to prison.
d.
to move out of their neighborhoods.
40. The idea of community justice is very:
a.
out of favor.
b.
marginalized.
c.
dangerous.
d.
popular.
41. Traditional criminal justice is:
a.
proactive.
b.
reactive.
c.
inactive.
d.
active.
42. is mutual trust among neighbors combined with a willingness to intervene for the common good.
a.
Collective efficacy
b.
Community policing
c.
Proactive policing
d.
Spatial concentration
43. Traditional criminal justice employs strategies.
a.
judicial
b.
adversarial
c.
reparative
d.
individualized
44. Ever since the landmark works of ________ and _________, criminologists have realized that crimes tend to
concentrate in certain areas.
a.
Cullen and Spohn
b.
Sutherland and Cressey
c.
Copes and Klenowski
d.
Shaw and McKay
45. Our criminal justice system is designed as a(n) _____________ attack on crime, implemented by identifying
criminals, then removing them from the community on conviction.
a.
reactive
b.
adversarial
c.
premeditated
d.
confrontational
46. A “problem-solving” approach to addressing community issues is considered to be a(n) ____________ strategy.
a.
proactive
b.
adversarial
c.
reactive
d.
confrontational
47. Which of the following is NOT one of the three key areas of concern raised about community justice models?
a.
individual rights
b.
social inequality
c.
increased costs
d.
political support
48. Inequality breeds_______________.
49. Locations with a substantial concentration of crime are known as .
50. Four factors have influenced the growth of the penal system including age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic
status, and .
51. Community justice is based on the rather than on the .
52. Most of the people who cycle through , prisons, and parole come from a limited number of
impoverished communities
53. A strategy to redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community public safety projects is .
54. is when certain neighborhoods have very high numbers of arrests and of people going to prison.
55. is the solution sought under the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
56. Having a father go to prison contributes to a range of developmental problems, emotional problems, and
in children.
57. Research has shown that problems of violence stem directly from problems of __ .
58. The strategy of the _____________ approach combines three contemporary justice innovations: community policing,
environmental crime, and restorative justice.
59. The phrase ______________ refers to the type of life communities need to reduce crime.
60. The ______________ policing approach to law enforcement employs problem-solving strategies to identify ways to
prevent crime by getting to root causes of instead of relying on arrests.
61. The ________________ approach begins with an analysis of why crime tends to concentrate in certain locations and
certain times.
62. The __________________ approach to sanctioning offenders seeks to restore the victim, the offender, and the
community to a level of functioning that existed prior to the criminal event.
63. ____________________ justice attempts to develop standardized approaches to crime problems that can be applied
uniformly across the entire legal jurisdiction.
64. The popularity of community justice derives in part from deep dissatisfaction with contemporary justice _________.
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i. Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j. Improve and strengthen communities
65. Spatial concentration
66. Community justice
67. Collective efficacy
68. Environmental crime prevention
69. Restorative justice
70. justice reinvestment
71. Adversarial process
72. Problem-solving approach
73. Criminal Justice
74. Social Disorganization
75. What is community justice? Are there characteristics of a practice that must be present for a strategy to be
deemed community justice? What are these qualities? How do you define community justice? How is
community justice different from traditional criminal justice frameworks? Which approach would you prefer if
you were: a victim of a criminal event, the perpetrator of a criminal event, living in a neighborhood with high
crime rates, living in a neighborhood with low crime rates?
76. At the core of community justice is the idea that crime does not happen in a vacuum, but is created by a
plethora of community issues. Based on this idea, how would you address or respond to the following crime
problems in your community: vandalism, drunk driving, and domestic violence? What programs could you
implement within your local community to have an effect on those who are consistently incarcerated within the
correctional system?
77. List and discuss the main arguments that both favor and do not favor the use of community justice strategies.
How have these arguments impacted its implantation and usage in the United States? In your opinion, should be
continue to invest in community justice programs? If so, which ones and why?
78. Compare and contrast community justice and criminal justice. Which is more effective? Which is less
effective? Why? Which do you feel best meets the needs of society? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
