Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
1. According to the _______ view of crime, behaviors that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens
and therefore there is general agreement regarding which behaviors need to be controlled.
a.
Conflict
b.
Interactionist
c.
Consensus
d.
Constructionist
2. Which of the following crimes is not included in the Uniform Crime Report’s list of Part I or index crimes?
a.
Criminal homicide
b.
Motor vehicle theft
c.
Simple assault
d.
Arson
3. Which of the following is a public order crime?
a.
Prostitution
b.
Embezzlement
c.
Domestic violence
d.
Hate speech
4. Since 1995, the number of arrests for prostitution has:
a.
Increased significantly.
b.
Decreased.
c.
Remained stable.
d.
Increased slightly.
5. Which of the following is considered official crime data collected by the FBI?
a.
National Crime Victimization Survey
b.
Self-report surveys
c.
Uniform Crime Report
d.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
6. Which crime listed below is not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of the UCR?
a.
Drug offenses
b.
Traffic violations
c.
Liquor law violations
d.
Sex offenses
7. Spree killers:
a.
Are motivated by the quest for drug profits and street power.
b.
Kill many victims in a single violent outburst.
c.
Spread their murderous outburst over a few days or weeks.
d.
Kill over a long period of time but typically assume a “normal” identity between murders.
8. One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _____ study, conducted annually using approximately 2,500
high school seniors.
a.
Monitoring the Future
b.
Juvenile Arrest
c.
National Center for Information about Crime
d.
Juvenile Social Survey
9. Which of the following is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
a.
Overreporting due to victim’s misrepresentation of events
b.
Incomplete acts lumped together with completed acts
c.
Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime
d.
Sampling errors that produce a group of respondents who do not represent the nation as a whole
10. Which type of study provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders, such as their attitudes, values,
beliefs, and psychological profiles?
a.
NIBRS
b.
UCR
c.
Self-report studies
d.
Victimization surveys
11. Self-report surveys are conducted most often on which of the following groups?
a.
Juveniles
b.
Death row inmates
c.
Prisoners
d.
Police officers
12. Which of the following is false regarding alternative crime measures?
a.
Cohort data involve observing over time a group of people who share certain characteristics.
b.
Meta-analysis involves gathering data from a number of previous studies.
c.
Sometimes criminologists conduct controlled experiments to collect data on the cause of crime.
d.
Data mining creates a graphical representations of the spatial geography of crime.
13. What is the name of the effect stating that the values held by the baby boomers will influence the behavior of all
citizens, even crime-prone teens?
a.
Apathy
b.
Contagion
c.
Permissiveness
d.
Relativity
14. In which season do the greatest numbers of reported crimes occur?
a.
Summer
b.
Fall
c.
Spring
d.
Winter
15. Which region of the United States has the highest rates of property crimes and violent crimes?
a.
Northeast
b.
Midwest
c.
South
d.
Northwest
16. The peak age for property crime is 16; and the peak age for violent crime is:
a.
16.
b.
18.
c.
21.
d.
25.
17. Which of the following is not an explanation regarding gender differences in the crime rate?
a.
Males are stronger and better able to commit violence.
b.
Hormones make men more aggressive.
c.
Girls are socialized to be less aggressive.
d.
Girls are granted greater personal freedom.
18. Which statement regarding the relationship between age and crime is true?
a.
Elderly males are predominantly arrested for alcohol-related matters such as public drunkenness and drunk
driving.
b.
There is no relationship between age and crime.
c.
Age is positively related to criminality.
d.
The elderly make up less than 1% of all arrestees.
19. Which of the following is true about the relationship between age and crime?
a.
Kids who are persistent offenders begin committing crimes during adolescence.
b.
Kids who are persistent offenders continue a stable pattern of offending activities during late adolescence.
c.
Kids who are persistent offenders begin a rapid acceleration of crime in adulthood.
d.
Early starters tend to commit more crimes and are more likely to continue to be involved in criminality over a
longer period of crime.
20. Which laws require that convicted felons spend a significant portion of their sentence behind bars?
a.
Three-strike laws
b.
Habitual offender laws
c.
Mandatory sentencing laws
d.
Truth-in-Sentencing laws
21. Which view of crime promotes that there is a class struggle between the rich and the poor?
a.
Conflict
b.
Interactionist
c.
Consensus
d.
Constructionist
22. Which view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral
or wrong?
a.
Conflict
b.
Interactionist
c.
Consensus
d.
Constructionist
23. Which view of crime contends that the definition of crime is subjective?
a.
Conflict
b.
Interactionist
c.
Consensus
d.
Constructionist
24. Today, modern gangs seem to be motivated by:
a.
Drug profits.
b.
Emotional involvement.
c.
Expressive violence.
d.
Neighborhood turf wars.
25. What is suspected to be involved in half of all U.S. murder, suicides, and accidental deaths?
a.
Alcohol
b.
Drugs
c.
Domestic violence
d.
Racial tensions
26. Which of the following is considered a corporate crime?
a.
Bribery
b.
Forgery
c.
Thwarting competition
d.
Murder of a the owner of competing business
27. Which of the following viewpoints regarding the definition of crime states that white collar crime is punished less
severely than other crimes because the perpetrators are likely affluent members of the ruling class?
a.
Interactionist
b.
Conflict
c.
Consensus
d.
Crime control
28. Which of the following is not considered a problem with self-reporting?
a.
The subject’s reluctance to report crimes they have committed
b.
Poor recall of past crimes
c.
The possibility that self-reports are not generalizable to the population at large
d.
The fact that self-reports capture offenses not reported to the police
29. Which of the following explanations is no longer considered valid in explaining the differences in offending patterns
between males and females?
a.
Gender-based traits such as hormonal differences
b.
Differences in socialization between males and females
c.
Better verbal abilities in females that promote talking to diffuse conflict as opposed to fighting
d.
The use of sex by females to control and influence male behaviors.
30. The ________ was intended to supplement the UCR with more detailed information about victim and offender
characteristics.
a.
NIBRS
b.
NCVS
c.
Monitoring the Future Survey
d.
Self-report
31. Currently, which ethnic group does not dominate organized crime?
a.
Russian
b.
African American
c.
Hispanic
d.
Italian
CASE 2.1
Your local police department is concerned with this year’s most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with
city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They meet to discuss potential policies and procedures in
32. The police chief believes that the department needs to focus on crimes like prostitution and drug abuse because the
two are interconnected and he believes that both are linked to more serious crimes. Drug use and prostitution are examples
of:
a.
Economic crimes.
b.
Property crimes.
c.
Public order crimes.
d.
Violent crimes.
33. The mayor is more concerned with violent crimes. She believes that when people hear that her city has experienced an
increase in violent crimes, they will no longer come to visit. Since the city is on a beach, tourism is a major source of
revenue, so the mayor is concerned that the most recent crime statistics will cause a decrease in these revenues. If the
mayor is most concerned with violent crimes, which crime does not concern her as much?
a.
Murder
b.
Rape
c.
Prostitution
d.
Robbery
34. One higher-ranking police captain believes that the increase in instrumental crimes is the problem. Which of the
following is an example of an instrumental crime?
a.
A young man who shoots the cashier of a convenience store that he is attempting to rob.
b.
A drunken husband who shoots his wife during a late night fight.
c.
A parent who strikes his child with a belt.
d.
An alcoholic who commits a DUI and kills a child who is attempting to cross the street.
35. One improvement that pleases the police chief is that over 45% of all of the cities’ Part I crimes have resulted in arrest.
When an offender is arrested and charged with a crime the offense is considered:
a.
Adjudicated.
b.
Cleared.
c.
Disposed.
d.
Finished.
CASE 2.2
Mr. and Mrs. Jones receive a survey that asks them for information about crimes of which they have been victims.
They are asked a series of questions to assess whether they individually have been victims of crime but also
whether their household has been victimized.
36. About what crime would they not be questioned?
a.
Aggravated assault
b.
Burglary
c.
Murder
d.
Sexual assault
37. In which survey are Mr. and Mrs. Jones taking part?
a.
NIBRS
b.
NCVS
c.
Self-report survey
d.
UCR
38. What would be a weakness in the results of the survey being completed by Mr. and Mrs. Jones?
a.
It does not include crimes not reported to the police.
b.
It relies on the honesty of the offenders.
c.
It relies on victim’s memory and honesty.
d.
It uses crime data only for victims over the age of 21.
CASE 2.3
Mary, a student at a community college in New York, is in the United States on a student visa that allows her to
remain in the United States until she obtains her master’s degree in biology. She is considering returning to her
home country because she is concerned with the increase in crime at her college and in the surrounding area. Mary
attempts to find information on the crime rates in her hometown to compare to those in the city where she
currently attends college.
39. Why will it be difficult for Mary to compare the crime rates in a U.S. city with her hometown of London, England?
a.
England does not have any crime statistics that are available to civilians.
b.
There are differences in the way crime is measured.
c.
England is a dictatorship and manipulates crime rates so that their country appears to be safe.
d.
Only solved cases are included in England’s crime rates.
40. After doing research on U.S. crime rates over the past few years, Mary is surprised to learn that:
a.
Over the past two decades, violent crimes have been increasing significantly, but property crimes have been
decreasing.
b.
Over the past two decades, property crimes have been increasing significantly, but violent crimes have been
decreasing.
c.
Over the past two decades, both violent and property crimes have been increasing significantly.
d.
Over the past two decades, both violent and property crimes have been decreasing significantly.
41. Mary was a crime victim once in the three years that she has been in the United States. A female acquaintance
assaulted Mary while Mary was out celebrating her birthday at a local bar with some friends. The offender was drunk and
became agitated when she thought that Mary had taken her seat. With regard to female criminality, all of the following are
true except:
a.
Female sex hormones account for more aggressive female behavior.
b.
Females are socialized to avoid being violent and aggressive.
c.
Female criminals are troubled, alienated at home, and pursue crime as a means of compensating for their
disrupted personal lives.
d.
Girls have been found to be superior to boys in verbal ability, which enable them to diffuse conflict more
easily.
42. UCR data captures all criminal violations.
a.
True
b.
False
43. Apparent increases in crime rates in the UCR may actually reflect changes in the way the police record their data.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The National Crime Victimization Survey and the UCR are the only methods of crime data collection used in the
United States.
a.
True
b.
False
45. The Monitoring the Future study is one of the most important sources of self-report data with regard to drugs.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Violent crime rates in the United States have increased significantly since the early 1990s.
a.
True
b.
False
47. There is evidence that the reporting accuracy of self-report studies differs among racial, ethnic, and gender groups.
a.
True
b.
False
48. Children who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are the most at risk to
repeat offending.
a.
True
b.
False
49. The racial threat hypothesis contends that young minority males are a greater threat than young white males.
a.
True
b.
False
50. Most boys are socialized to avoid being violent and aggressive.
a.
True
b.
False
51. Age is inversely related to criminality.
a.
True
b.
False
52. One argument with regard to higher crime rates in some regions of the country points to the influx of immigrants.
a.
True
b.
False
53. Crimes such as murder and rape are cleared at higher rates than property crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
54. The NIBRS includes all the offenses that occur in an incident, rather than only the most serious offense.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Gang membership has increased over the past decade.
a.
True
b.
False
56. In terms of becoming a victim of a violent crime, you are more at risk of being assaulted by someone you know or are
in a relationship than by a stranger.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Marijuana is the current drug of choice of most high school seniors.
a.
True
b.
False
58. One problem with the data in the FBI’s UCR is the fact that people often lie on self-reports.
a.
True
b.
False
59. A key advantage of the NCVS is its ability to capture offenses that were never reported to the police.
a.
True
b.
False
60. According to official data, violent offenses are more common than property offenses.
a.
True
b.
False
61. Arrests and court appearances have been shown to be deterrents to chronic offending.
a.
True
b.
False
62. Immigrants have significantly ____________________ rates of incarceration than the average U.S. citizen.
63. Behaviors considered illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards are known
as ____________________ crimes.
64. Part II crimes are all crimes reported to the FBI except for ______________.
65. A crime is said to be ____________________ when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of
the offense.
66. Murder, _________, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and aggravated assault make up the FBI’s
Part I crimes.
67. The view that younger African American males are subject to greater police control when their numbers increase
within the population is known as ____________________ theory.
68. ____________________ is the term commonly used to describe persistent repeat offenders who organize their
lifestyle around criminality.
69. Employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, computer fraud, and embezzlement are examples
of _________ crimes.
70. __________________ involves the criminal activity of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is
economic gain through illegal enterprises.
71. The ____________ view of crime maintains that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and
economic power.
72. People who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong are referred to as
_____________________________.
73. ________________ are criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group because they share a
discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.
74. The consensus view rests on the assumption that criminal law has a ___________ function.
75. ___________ is the legal term for theft.
76. Public order crimes such as prostitution and drug abuse are also referred to as ____________ crimes.
77. _____________ crimes include offenses such as selling narcotics to obtain access to goods and services that are
otherwise unobtainable.
78. The theory of __________ suggests that slavery, racism, and the destruction of black culture have created a criminal
justice system that incarcerates blacks at higher rates than whites.
79. Discuss the three approaches to defining crime.
80. Discuss the three main categories of crime.
81. Compare and contrast the UCR, NCVS, and self-report surveys in terms of measuring crime trends.
82. Discuss the three main areas of concern for the validity of the Uniform Crime Report.
83. Discuss the recent trends in violent and property crime in the United States. How do these compare to violent and
property crime rates internationally?
84. Discuss how the economy plays a role in crime rates.
85. How has legalized abortion helped to reduce crime rates?
86. Describe the relationship between gender and crime and the various theories that have been developed to explain this
relationship.
87. Discuss the Delinquency in A Birth cohort study and how its findings have shaped criminal justice policy.
88. According to the text, burglary and robbery are commonly confused. Define both crimes and explain the difference
with examples of each offense type.
89. Explain the three primary reasons why UCR data is suspect.
90. Briefly explain how the weather is thought to influence violent and property offenses.
91. Explain the differences in offending patterns between youths and the elderly. What differences exist and what are
some of the possible explanation for these differences?
92. Explain why some criminologists believe that there is likely to be a convergence in male and female offending.
93. Explain how three strikes and truth-in-sentencing laws are intended to stop chronic offenders.
94. Explain how the NIBRS improves problems in UCR data.
95. Explain three ways the UCR expresses crime data.
