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True / False
1. Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The new industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Major efforts began by the start of the 19th century in both Europe and the United States to devise a more severe penal
sanction that focused completely on the body, rather than the mind of the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family
member of the victim.
a.
True
b.
False
5. In England by the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for
the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Best known for his utilitarian theories, including his creation of the phrase of “hedonic calculus,” Jeremy Bentham was
a leading social scholar and philosopher of his time.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The period known as “the Enlightenment” brought about new ideas based on rationalization, the importance of
individuals, and the limitations of government.
a.
True
b.
False
8. One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the “New World” was that their prisons
and houses of corrections were overcrowded.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Another name for the medieval practice of banishment is “relocation.”
a.
True
b.
False
10. Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Shaming is a new punishment idea that was first used during the early 1900s in both Europe and the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Like other social institutions, corrections reflects the vision and concern of the larger community.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Jeremy Bentham was the one-time high sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who helped spur changes that resulted in the
development of the penitentiary during the late 1700s.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender’s body with whips and other devices that
cause physical pain and scarring.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily for the detention of people awaiting trial.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The founder of the Classical School of Criminology is Cesare Beccaria, who applied the rationalist philosophy of the
Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
17. The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:
a.
immediate deterrence.
b.
specific deterrence.
c.
exhibition of the sovereign’s power.
d.
both crime control and exhibition of the sovereign’s power.
18. The following is an example of corporal punishment:
a.
forgiveness.
b.
whipping.
c.
imprisonment.
d.
religious education.
19. Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent in the future.
a.
premeditated behavior
b.
positive behavior
c.
similar behavior
d.
coerced behavior
20. Political liberals and encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment period.
a.
conservatives
b.
religious groups
c.
independents
d.
wealthy businessmen
21. The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:
a.
the influence of the Enlightenment thinkers and activists.
b.
a response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
c.
he growth of the surplus labor due to the Industrial Revolution.
d.
all of these.
22. By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:
a.
the governor.
b.
the king.
c.
correctional staff.
d.
the victim.
23. Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?
a.
Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
b.
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment.
c.
Punishment needs to be proportionate.
d.
all of the above
24. Jeremy Bentham’s classic prison design known as the ______________ called for a circular building with a glass roof
and cells on each story and around the circumference of the penitentiary so that the inmates could be viewed at all times to
ensure they were abiding by prison rules.
a.
Trivium
b.
Octagon
c.
Panopticon
d.
Hexagon
25. The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is
called:
a.
utilitarianism.
b.
positivism.
c.
the Enlightenment.
d.
wergild.
26. The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:
a.
benefit of clergy.
b.
galley slavery.
c.
wergild.
d.
transportation.
27. The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored
silently in common rooms and were subjected to:
a.
secure and sanitary conditions.
b.
nonsystematic inspections.
c.
income for their labor.
d.
corporal punishment for noncompliance.
28. The founder of the Classical School of Criminology was:
a.
Cesare Beccaria.
b.
John Howard.
c.
Cesare Lombroso.
d.
Jeremy Bentham.
29. The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?
a.
It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
b.
It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
c.
It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.
d.
all of the above
30. The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?
a.
a rewriting of penal codes to increase the severity of criminal sanctions
b.
a greater belief in the application of pain as a specific and general deterrent
c.
the invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world
d.
an increase in the number of criminal laws and, as a result, a growth in the numbers and types of prisoners
31. For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare Beccaria believe were most
valuable for carrying out a punishment?
a.
severity
b.
swiftness
c.
certainty
d.
both swiftness and certainty
32. The term wergild focuses on which of the following?
a.
rehabilitation for offenders
b.
money paid to relatives or victims of a crime
c.
educational programs
d.
vocational programs
33. How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?
a.
People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
b.
During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between
the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
c.
The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to erect a system
of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
d.
all of above
34. During the Enlightenment, advances in scientific thinking led to an inquisitive attitude that emphasized all of the
following ideas except for:
a.
observation.
b.
experimentation.
c.
technological development
d.
intervention.
35. As a social institution, corrections reflects the vision and concerns of the:
a.
government.
b.
larger community.
c.
warden and administrators.
d.
sentencing judges.
36. According to the text, certain types of legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged during the:
a.
1700s.
b.
1200s.
c.
1500s.
d.
1800s.
37. The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the century.
a.
13th
b.
17th
c.
16th
d.
19th
38. was a leader of correctional reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and
punishment.
a.
Jeremy Bentham
b.
John Howard
c.
Cesare Beccaria
d.
Sir Walter Crofton
39. Wergild developed as a:
a.
barter system.
b.
method for the king to bring his subjects directly under his rule.
c.
method of treating private wrongs as public crimes.
d.
system of compensation for private wrongs committed against another.
40. The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:
a.
the king.
b.
the sheriff.
c.
the penitentiary.
d.
the church.
41. The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:
a.
natural law
b.
lex talionis.
c.
secular law.
d.
benefit of clergy.
42. Benefit of clergy was extended to:
a.
all men deemed worthy by the kind.
b.
all wealthy aristocrats of the realm.
c.
monks and nuns only.
d.
all literate persons.
43. The was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.
a.
wergild
b.
workhouse
c.
penitentiary
d.
bridewell
44. The emphasis of the ________________ on the importance of hard work and on the sinfulness of sloth sparked
European reformers to urge that some means be used to provide work for the idle poor.
a.
Jewish Restoration
b.
Protestant Reformation
c.
Catholic Crusades
d.
Spanish Inquisition
45. _________________ were abandoned ships that the English converted to hold convicts during a period of prison
crowding between 1776 and 1790.
a.
Hulks
b.
Galleys
c.
Cells
d.
Workships
46. ________________ was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary
Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.
a.
Franklin Shepard
b.
Jeremy Bentham
c.
Michael Rourke
d.
John Howard
47. Which of the following offender types were not considered to comprise a large portion of those who were sentenced to
early English Bridewell houses?
a.
orphans
b.
the poor
c.
prostitutes
d.
violent repeat offenders
48. A house of _________________________ was a detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse,
poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the inmates and setting them to work.
a.
solitude
b.
correction
c.
penance
d.
redemption
49. Which of the following was NOT a medieval form of capital punishment?
a.
flayed alive
b.
broken on the wheel
c.
the rack
d.
fed to lions
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
50. Benefit of clergy
51. Classical criminology
52. Corporal punishment
53. Enlightenment
54. Galley slavery
55. House of corrections
56. Hulk
57. Lex talionis
58. Secular law
59. Utilitarianism
60. Scholars point to the as the first comprehensive statement of prohibited behavior.
61. Because punishment was considered a powerful general , authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe
carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.
62. A leading 18th-century English correctional reformer who was responsible for the creation and later implementation
of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was .
63. Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.
64. According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and traditions.
65. A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as ____________.
66. Until the 1800s, ______________ were authorized only to house pretrial detainees, debtors, and vagrants.
67. The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over pain and that a punishment
inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain is called .
68. The forced rowing of large ships as a form of early punishment was known as _______________.
69. ___________________ refers to the practice of transplanting offenders from the community to another region or land,
often a penal colony.
70. __________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the offender’s body with whips or other devices that cause
pain.
71. The period known as the ______________________ was a cultural movement in England and France during the
1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.
72. _____________________ has been credited as being the founder of the Classical School of Criminology.
73. ________________________ was an early English correctional reformer who advocated for the utility of prison
confinement to treat and reform criminals’ thought processes that he deemed a “hedonistic calculus.”
74. The term _____________________ was used to describe a house of correction that was first used during the 16th
century in England.
75. Briefly summarize the social, political, and scientific ideas advocated during the Enlightenment and the lasting effect
they had on correctional thinking and practices.
76. Shaming is not a new practice; in fact, it has been making a resurgence in the realm of punishment in certain arenas.
Please provide early historical examples of shaming and discuss whether you think it is a useful tool of social control. Be
sure to fully explain your answer. In your opinion, are there any possible negative outcomes of shaming?
77. Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain
his major accomplishments.
78. In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that they once used, but later outlawed
to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and
defend your answer.
