53. Women’s share of arrests is highest for which type of crime?
a. robbery
b. rape
c. murder
d. larceny-theft
54. Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community
organizations, such as _________.
a. neighborhood associations
b. parent-teacher organizations
c. church groups
d. all of the above
55. Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime?
a. having a higher income
b. living in a rural area
c. living in a suburban area
d. living in a city
56. Which actions may reduce the fear of crime?
a. staying home after dark
b. moving to the suburbs
c. installing home security systems
d. working the night shift
57. Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?
a. The right to be questioned by the accused.
b. The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused.
c. The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor.
d. The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay.
58. Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?
a. Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will.
b. Human behavior is determined by free will.
c. Criminals are different from noncriminals.
d. Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.
59. Which medical researcher suggested that environmental lead finds its way into the developing brains, it disturbs
impulse control.
a. Cesar Lombroso
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Herbert Needleman
60. The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime.
a. victim precipitation
b. revictimization
c. repetitive victimization
d. victim notification
61. According to these theories crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and
unemployment.
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Social Structure
d. Social Process
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will
often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on
this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of
the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff
ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the
group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group
throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has
resulted in brain damage.
62. Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him. This would be known
as _________.
a. victim precipitation
b. revictimization
c. repetitive victimization
d. victimization
63. Since Jeff and his coworkers were attending a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal
activity. This is known as _________.
a. lifestyle-exposure theory
b. routine activities theory
c. social control theory
d. learning theory
64. Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders that injured him, which will not be difficult to win.
a. criminal
b. tort
c. civil
d. motion
65. Jeff will receive assistance from a volunteer agency which helps to navigate the court system. Such a group is
often referred to as _________.
a. inmate assistance program
b. legal aid assistance program
c. offender assistance program
d. victim assistance program
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was
frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina’s dad has not been a part of her life since
she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew
up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing
assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive
depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to
maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison
sentence.
66. Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina’s criminal behavior based upon formative years?
a. psychological
b. social contract
c. social process
d. social structure
67. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed her crimes because women are seeking ______.
a. equality
b. transition
c. financial gain
d. structure
68. Christina’s depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle. Which theory best explains why this is so?
a. gender explanations
b. life course explanations
c. sociological explanations
d. psychological explanations
Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a
gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process
when he found out that his last “duty” was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but
readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the
coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach
immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in
a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened
if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
69. Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself. Which
theory would Dominic’s case best support?
a. psychological theory
b. life course theory
c. sociological theory
d. gender theory
70. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his “friends”. Edwin Sutherland referred to this as
____________.
a. anomie
b. strain
c. differential association
d. process
71. Dominic has high, prominent cheekbones. This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a _________.
a. criminogenic trait
b. psychoanalytic trait
c. antisocial trait
d. sociopath
Essay
72. Discuss two of the factors discussed in your text which demonstrate how anyone may be a victim of crime.
73. Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior:
∙Biological
∙Psychological
∙sociological
74. How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?
75. Discuss two factors from your book why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in
relation to men?
76. Explain what life course theories seek to do?
77. Explain how income impacts the crime rate. Why do individuals who live in lower socioeconomic conditions have
higher rates of crime and are also more likely to become victims of crime.
78. Explain the difference between repetitive victimization and revictimization.
79. Compare and contrast positivist criminology to classical criminology. What are the similarities, and what are the
difference?
80. Explain Cesare Lomroso’s biological theory focusing on criminogenic traits. Are such theories used in modern
criminology? Why or why not?
81. Explain Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and how it relates to criminal activity.
82. ________ are more likely than whites to be victims of crime.
83. The ________ increases our fear of crime by reporting on crime stories to build viewership and sell papers..
84. A field of criminology that examines the role of the victim is called _______.
85. Fear of crime is greatest in _______ areas.
86. In regard to gender, ________ are more likely to become victims of crime.
87. The _____________ model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines
the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.
88. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments was written by ___________ in 1764.
89. ___________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors.
90. __________ criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices.
91. The argument that criminals are born criminal was purported by ___________.
92. Freud’s personality theory is comprised of the id, the ego, and the ___________.
93. The argument that crime is a natural part of social life was set forth by __________.
94. Beginning in the 1990’s, theorist recognized that female criminality was best explained using the criminological
theory branch of __________.
95. The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called _________ theory.
96. The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called ________ theory.
97. Feminist _________ researchers focus on the impact of critical life events, such as victimization, to determine why
some women engage in criminal behavior.
98. One impact of crime is _______, which limits freedom.
99. __________ are factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.
100. _________ study the role victims play in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact of crimes on victims.
101. __________ hold that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or
weakened.
102. Theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an
offender is known as _________.