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CHAPTER 19
Foreign and Military Policy
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. This president sent the U.S. navy to fight the Barbary Pirates.
a.
George Washington
b.
Thomas Jefferson
c.
George W. Bush
d.
Andrew Jackson
e.
Abraham Lincoln
2. Al Qaeda means
a.
the fight.
b.
the base.
c.
the mission.
d.
the war.
e.
the martyr.
3. Alexis de Tocqueville suggested that the proper conduct of foreign affairs requires
a.
an equal balance of majoritarian, client, and interest group politics.
b.
power that is shared among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
of government.
c.
sensitivity to culture and the courage to act forcefully.
d.
precisely those qualities most lacking in democratic nations.
e.
unmitigated allegiance and a stoic disposition.
4. The majoritarian component of foreign policy includes those decisions that
a.
narrowly distribute benefits and cost.
b.
narrowly distribute benefits and widely distribute cost.
c.
widely distribute benefits and cost.
d.
widely distribute benefits and narrowly distribute cost.
e.
None of the above is true.
5. Issues surrounding a nuclear test ban treaty, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Alliance,
and a Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) are all examples of __________ politics.
a.
neo-institutional.
b.
interest group.
c.
entrepreneurial.
d.
client.
e.
majoritarian.
6. U.S. tariffs on Japanese steel imports would be examples of __________ politics.
a.
majoritarian.
b.
interest group.
c.
entrepreneurial.
d.
client.
e.
neo-institutional.
7. The president usually takes the leading role on foreign policy issues that are matters of __________
politics.
a.
majoritarian
b.
interest group
c.
entrepreneurial
d.
client
e.
neo-institutional
8. Congress plays a leading role in foreign policy issues that are matters of __________ politics.
a.
majoritarian
b.
interest group
c.
entrepreneurial
d.
client
e.
neo-institutional
9. When entrepreneurial politics shapes foreign policy, the central political arena is
a.
the State Department.
b.
Congress.
c.
the president.
d.
the United Nations.
e.
the courts.
10. The 1986 investigation by Congress into the actions of presidential aides who sought to trade arms for
U.S. hostages in Iran and then use some profits for arms sales to support the anti-Marxist contras
fighting in Nicaragua is an example of __________ politics.
a.
majoritarian
b.
interest group
c.
entrepreneurial
d.
client
e.
neo-institutional
11. Edward Corwin describes the Constitution’s treatment of the authority of the president and of
Congress in foreign affairs as
a.
a recipe for disaster.
b.
strong unity.
c.
an invitation to struggle.
d.
a call for cooperation.
e.
vague as possible.
12. The constitutional power to declare war and to regulate commerce with other nations is vested in
a.
the State Department.
b.
the Senate.
c.
the president.
d.
the Pentagon.
e.
Congress.
13. How many times have U.S. presidents sent troops abroad without the authorization of Congress?
a.
None
b.
Ten
c.
Approximately fifty
d.
More than one hundred
e.
More than three hundred
14. Presidential success with Congress on foreign policy matters, compared with presidential success on
domestic matters, is
a.
impossible to determine.
b.
about the same.
c.
decidedly less.
d.
somewhat greater.
e.
decidedly greater.
15. Elite opinion was at work in the formulation of the strategy of containment by
a.
John Foster Dulles.
b.
Averell Harriman.
c.
Maxwell Taylor.
d.
George Kennan.
e.
Henry Cabot Lodge.
16. Which president ordered a U.S. invasion of Panama to depose the dictator Manuel Noriega?
a.
John F. Kennedy
b.
Ronald Reagan
c.
George H. W. Bush
d.
Bill Clinton
e.
George W. Bush
17. Which president ordered a blockade of southern ports?
a.
Abraham Lincoln
b.
Andrew Jackson
c.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
d.
James Polk
e.
George Washington
18. An example of the relative weakness of U.S. presidents in foreign affairs, as compared with leaders of
other nations, was
a.
Reagan’s indecisiveness during the Grenada crisis
b.
Bush’s inability to recruit congressional support for Operation Desert Storm
c.
Wilson’s inability to lead the United States into the League of Nations
d.
Kennedy’s unwillingness to commit troops in Vietnam
e.
Johnson’s unwillingness to commit troops in Vietnam
19. When legal issues have arisen out of foreign policy disputes between the president and Congress, the
Supreme Court has generally
a.
favored Congress.
b.
favored the president.
c.
refused to intervene.
d.
interpreted the U.S. Constitution quite literally.
e.
relied on the solicitor general to resolve conflicts.
20. President __________ ordered the military to move Japanese Americans from their homes on the West
Coast to “relocation centers.”
a.
Franklin Roosevelt
b.
Harry Truman
c.
Woodrow Wilson
d.
Warren G. Harding
e.
Abraham Lincoln
21. When legal challenges were brought in regard to the executive order that Japanese Americans on the
West Coast be sent to “relocation centers,”
a.
the courts refused to entertain the cases.
b.
district courts struck down the relocations, but they were upheld on appeal.
c.
district courts declared the relocations unconstitutional.
d.
the U.S. Supreme Court declared the relocations constitutional.
e.
the U.S. Supreme Court declared the relocations unconstitutional.
22. The Supreme Court ruled that Harry Truman overstepped the bounds of wartime executive power
when he
a.
confiscated precious metals.
b.
froze prices and wages.
c.
reduced imports.
d.
seized steel mills.
e.
reduced the number of employees in state government.
23. According to the text, the most important check on presidential war power is
a.
the Supreme Court.
b.
the State Department.
c.
the governors.
d.
the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
e.
the control of Congress over the purse strings.
24. The War Powers Act of 1973 was passed
a.
with huge support of Congress and the president.
b.
because the president supported it.
c.
to strengthen the power of the president.
d.
over a presidential veto.
e.
due to military overreach in the Middle East.
25. The War Powers Act of 1973 mandates that
a.
the president must report in writing to Congress within 48 hours after he introduces U.S.
troops into areas where hostilities have occurred or are imminent.
b.
within 60 days after troops are sent into hostile situations, Congress must, by declaration
of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of hostile
action by U.S. troops.
c.
if Congress does not authorize the use of force, the president must withdraw the troops.
d.
if Congress requires the removal of troops, the president must comply.
e.
All of the above are true.
26. Presidents have viewed the War Powers Act as
a.
being unconstitutional.
b.
being a legitimate use of congressional power.
c.
helping America’s image abroad.
d.
strengthening their power in foreign affairs.
e.
None of the above is true.
27. Which of the following statements about congressional oversight of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
covert activities is true?
a.
Congress has no authority to disapprove of such activities.
b.
Congress must approve of activities that involve political assassination.
c.
Congress must approve of activities that involve military expenditures.
d.
Congress has blanket authority to approve or disapprove of such activities.
e.
Congress must approve those activities that will extend more than sixty days.
28. This president signed a law creating the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
a.
Richard Nixon
b.
Jimmy Carter
c.
Barack Obama
d.
Bill Clinton
e.
George W. Bush
29. Which founding father was the nation’s first secretary of state under George Washington?
a.
Alexander Hamilton
b.
John Adams
c.
Thomas Jefferson
d.
John Jay
e.
James Monroe
30. In the early years of the republic, foreign policy was often made and almost always carried out by
a.
the president.
b.
Congress.
c.
the secretary of state.
d.
the U.S. Senate.
e.
the Speaker of the House.
31. The president’s national security adviser and the National Security Council (NSC)
a.
helps the president coordinate the foreign policy bureaucracy.
b.
controls the State Department.
c.
runs the Defense Department.
d.
Options A, B, C, and D are true.
e.
None of the above is true.
32. The National Security Council includes all of the following EXCEPT the
a.
Speaker of the House.
b.
president.
c.
vice president.
d.
secretary of state.
e.
secretary of defense.
33. Which of the following statements about the National Security Council is true?
a.
It reports directly to the secretary of state.
b.
Its membership is appointed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
c.
Its influence is limited by constant squabbling among agencies.
d.
Its membership is appointed by Congress.
e.
It grew in influence during the Kennedy administration.
34. This official held the positions of national security adviser and secretary of state at the same time.
a.
Richard Nixon
b.
George H. W. Bush
c.
Henry Kissinger
d.
William Dulles
e.
Nobody has held both positions at the same time.
35. In this decision, the Supreme Curt ruled that American foreign policy is vested entirely in the federal
government where the president has plenary power.
a.
Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. v. United States
b.
Korematsu v. United States
c.
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
d.
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
e.
Rasul v. Bush
36. In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled that sending Japanese Americans to relocation centers during
World War II was based on an acceptable military justification.
a.
Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. v. United States
b.
Korematsu v. United States
c.
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
d.
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
e.
Rasul v. Bush
37. America’s general bent toward isolationism and attitudes about the War in Europe changed
dramatically with
a.
Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia.
b.
Hitler’s invasion of Poland.
c.
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
d.
the international conference at Munich.
e.
Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union.
38. In a typical survey, who is more likely to support the use of military force?
a.
Germans
b.
the French
c.
Russians
d.
Italians
e.
Americans
39. In which foreign military situation did the president not benefit from the “rally ’round the flag” effect?
a.
Kennedy, after the Bay of Pigs
b.
Reagan, when he invaded Grenada
c.
George H. W. Bush, when he sent troops to fight Iraq
d.
Clinton, when he sent troops to Bosnia
e.
Ford, when an attempt was made to rescue an American ship
40. The American public and foreign policy leaders are most divided on the issue of
a.
expanding economic aid to other countries.
b.
taking the side of Israel in conflicts with Palestinians.
c.
combating international terrorism.
d.
supporting U.S. troops in Afghanistan.
e.
protecting the jobs of American workers.
41. What was the public’s response when police roughed up antiwar demonstrators at the 1968
Democratic convention?
a.
Only older people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
b.
The public was nearly evenly split in its sympathies.
c.
The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
d.
Only younger people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
e.
The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the police.
42. Studies of how casualty rates affect public opinion show that as death rates rise, people
a.
develop more favorable attitudes toward the war.
b.
support withdrawal from the war.
c.
support surrender.
d.
support escalation in the fighting to defeat the enemy more quickly.
e.
support withdrawal after a series of powerful strikes.
43. In his book The Cold War, __________ argued against the policy of containing the Soviet Union.
a.
John Foster Dulles
b.
Averell Harriman
c.
Walter Lippmann
d.
George Kennan
e.
Henry Cabot Lodge
44. Which president was notable for suggesting that the world was, at last, “safe for democracy”?
a.
Herbert Hoover
b.
Woodrow Wilson
c.
Franklin Roosevelt
d.
Harry Truman
e.
Dwight Eisenhower
45. In 1946, __________ delivered the famous “iron curtain” speech in Fulton, Missouri, in which he
summed up Soviet policy in Eastern Europe.
a.
Winston Churchill
b.
George Kennan
c.
Charles Lindbergh
d.
President Truman
e.
Dwight Eisenhower
46. Disengagement is also known as the “__________ view.”
a.
pacifist
b.
imperialist
c.
Munich
d.
isolation
e.
Vietnam
47. When Bill Clinton came into office in 1992, he brought
a.
an apprehension for foreign policy.
b.
a lack of appreciation for policy.
c.
a disinterest in foreign policy.
d.
a lack of understanding of foreign policy.
e.
considerable foreign policymaking experience and interest.
48. When Bill Clinton came into office in 1992, his foreign policy advisers were drawn from the ranks of
those who believed in ___________.
a.
isolationism
b.
containment
c.
disengagement
d.
antiappeasement
e.
imperialism
49. Political polarization among the American public is/was a notable feature of
a.
the Korean War.
b.
the Vietnam War.
c.
the war in Iraq.
d.
World War II.
e.
the Mexican War.
50. The view that defense policy protects everyone, and that everyone pays for it, would typify defense
policymaking as ___________ politics.
a.
client
b.
entrepreneurial
c.
interest group
d.
majoritarian
e.
neo-institutional
51. According to the text, how much money is spent on defense is best explained by ___________
politics.
a.
majoritarian
b.
client
c.
interest group (bargaining)
d.
entrepreneurial
e.
neo-institutional
52. The reason given by the text for the United States’ failure to disarm after the Korean War was
a.
the possibility of renewed fighting in Korea.
b.
our containment policy toward the Soviet Union.
c.
fear of losing the cold war.
d.
public opinion in favor of our being the world’s policeman.
e.
All of the above are true.
53. As public opinion data show, Americans believe that
a.
we should have a small military.
b.
we spend too much on defense.
c.
we should have a military only during a time of war.
d.
we should have no military.
e.
we spend the right amount or even too little on defense.
54. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, liberals argued
a.
we should increase spending on social programs.
b.
there should be cuts in weapons procurements.
c.
we should decrease the number of military personnel.
d.
there should be sharp cuts in defense spending overall.
e.
All of the above are true.
55. The United States did not institute a peacetime draft until __________.
a.
1865
b.
1890
c.
1910
d.
1940
e.
1980
56. One factor that contributed to the feasibility of an all-volunteer force was
a.
the absence of a credible threat to U.S. soil.
b.
rising civilian unemployment.
c.
the generally low level of skills and education of volunteers.
d.
the absence of qualified women volunteers willing to face combat.
e.
increased levels of education.
57. Female personnel account for approximately _________ of the armed forces today.
a.
3 percent
b.
14 percent
c.
20 percent
d.
30 percent
e.
46 percent
58. Because defense contractors must bid competitively for contracts and because the military must have
its annual budget approved by Congress, there is a tendency to
a.
delay the acquisition of costly new hardware.
b.
overestimate costs and acquire new hardware as quickly as possible.
c.
pad the contracts with various nonessential items.
d.
underestimate the probable costs.
e.
All of the above are true.
59. The National Security Act of 1947 created the
a.
Department of Defense.
b.
Department of War.
c.
State Department.
d.
Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines.
e.
Navy Seals.
60. In September of 2002, President George W. Bush issued a document formally announcing that the
doctrine of __________ would guide American foreign policy in regard to the war on terror.
a.
exclusion
b.
preemption
c.
unilateralism
d.
hegemony
e.
exceptionalism
TRUE/FALSE
1. The text includes the Weather Underground, a radical leftist organization active in the 1960s and
1970s, as an example of a legitimate political organization.
2. Alexis de Tocqueville thought that the democratic qualities of the United States would handicap its
ability to conduct foreign affairs.
3. The U.S. response to the placement of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba is an example of
client politics.
4. When client politics is involved in foreign policy, Congress plays a much larger role.
5. The president may negotiate treaties, but the Senate must ratify these by a three-fourths vote.
6. Almost every major war this country has fought has followed a formal declaration of war by Congress.
7. The Senate has ratified well over one thousand treaties since 1789.
8. The British prime minister can declare war without the consent of Parliament.
9. Since the passage of the War Powers Act, almost every president has sent troops abroad without
explicit congressional authorization.
10. The War Powers Act mandates that within 60 days of the president ordering troops into hostile
situations, the Congress must authorize the use of military force.
11. The role of the National Security Council is to coordinate the overseas activities of various
federal agencies.
12. In recent years, the influence of Congress over foreign policy formation has steadily increased.
13. After World War II, very few Americans favored our entry into the United Nations.
14. Americans are more willing than Europeans to support the use of military force.
15. The tendency to “rally ’round the flag” helped Reagan when he invaded Grenada, but not Clinton
when he sent troops to Bosnia or launched bombing attacks on Iraq.
16. Mass opinion on world affairs tends to be both more liberal and more internationalist than
elite opinion.
17. The nation grew isolationist in the aftermath of World War I.
18. The disengagement view of foreign policy resulted from the experience of the younger foreign policy
elite that came to power in the 1970s.
19. Republicans lost seats in Congress in the 2006 elections, in part because of decreasing support for the
war in Iraq.
20. The National Security Act of 1947 created the Department of Defense.
Chapter 19: Foreign and Military Policy 317
ESSAY
1. The text suggests America’s struggles against terrorists are “not a recent development.” What are some
examples that are discussed to make this point?
2. Discuss Tocqueville’s opinion of conducting foreign policy in a democracy.
3. What are some examples of the majoritarian component of foreign policy?
4. What are some examples of the interest group and client politics in foreign policy?
5. Explain the dominance of the president or Congress in foreign policy depending upon what type of
politics is involved.
6. Describe the constitutional powers held by the president and Congress in the area of foreign policy.
7. Summarize the major provisions of the War Powers Act.
8. Explain what the “rally ’round the flag” effect involves and cite some recent examples and exceptions.
9. Identify and discuss the four worldviews discussed in this chapter.
10. Identify five reasons why cost-overruns are such an issue when it comes to military expenditures.
