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True / False
1. Most correctional professionals believe juveniles are more susceptible than adults to the influence of
treatment programs.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Most female delinquents commit the crime of running away.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Age is the best predictor of recidivism.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Violent offenders commit the smallest number of crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Extremely serious juvenile crime incidents are rare.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Conflicts between a child and an adult may promote delinquency as the child’s way of “getting back” or
unintentionally calling attention to the conflict.
a.
True
b.
False
7. It is unconstitutional to execute someone who committed their crime before they were 18.
a.
True
b.
False
8. For juvenile offenders, the role of family is critical to the success of correctional efforts.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Juveniles have a low rate of crime desistence.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Gang involvement decreased by the end of the 1990s, but has increased substantially since the 2000s.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The cost of custody in a juvenile training school is usually double that for an adult in prison.
a.
True
b.
False
12. The young offender in adult facilities is a management problem because of large numbers, not because of special
needs.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The logic behind juvenile diversion programs is based on the developmental pattern of delinquency.
a.
True
b.
False
14. When girls break the law, the juvenile justice system has a tendency to treat them as status offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Regardless of how the media portrays juvenile offenders, the everyday juvenile offender remains unsophisticated and
susceptible to change through appropriate programs.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The most common sanction given today’s juvenile offenders is incarceration.
a.
True
b.
False
17. All delinquents, regardless of their crimes, can be saved from a life of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
18. The procedures of juvenile corrections incorporate:
a.
firm due process rules.
b.
informality and discretionary decision making.
c.
strict judicial precedent.
d.
formal criminal procedure.
19. The first and basic “essentials of due process” are required by juvenile offenders was determined in what
landmark case?
a.
Kent v. United States
b.
In Re Winship
c.
Breed v. Jones
d.
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
20. Which of the following are factors in a juvenile’s history that indicate a high risk of delinquency?
a.
behavior problems in elementary school
b.
drug dealing
c.
antisocial parents
d.
all of these
21. This case required a standard of “beyond a doubt” for delinquency matters.
a.
Kent v. United States
b.
In Re Gault
c.
In Re Winship
d.
Eddings v Oklahoma
22. This case specified the “essentials” required by Kent—notice, hearing, counsel, and cross examination.
a.
In Re Gault
b.
In re Winship
c.
Breed v. Jones
d.
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
23. Which of the following would NOT be considered a secure placement for a juvenile?
a.
foster home
b.
residential center
c.
reform school
d.
training school
24. During the Refuge Period the first institution where delinquent, abused, and neglected children could learn
good work and study habits, live in a disciplined and healthy environment, and develop character was the House
of Refuge in:
a.
Pennsylvania.
b.
Massachusetts.
c.
New York.
d.
New Jersey.
25. The first juvenile court was established in:
a.
Omaha.
b.
New York.
c.
Los Angeles.
d.
Chicago.
26. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1988 requires states to determine whether the
proportion of minorities in confinement their proportion in the population.
a.
correlates with
b.
relates to
c.
underrepresents
d.
exceeds
27. Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony believed the child was:
a.
sweet and basically good.
b.
incorrigible.
c.
rude and crude.
d.
evil and in need of discipline.
28. Which of the following seeks to avoid the consequences of formal processing?
a.
waiver
b.
adjudication
c.
diversion
d.
intermediate sanctions
29. The most common sanction a juvenile receives is:
a.
detention.
b.
aftercare.
c.
probation.
d.
diversion.
30. In 2009, approximately how many juveniles were arrested?
a.
500,000
b.
200,000
c.
1.9 million
d.
2.8 million
31. This case stated that jury trials are not required for juvenile court hearings.
a.
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
b.
Kent v. United States
c.
Schall v. Martin
d.
Eddings v. Oklahoma
32. The juvenile corrections system supports decision making.
a.
firm
b.
discretionary
c.
fixed
d.
definite
33. Since 1994, the juvenile crime rate has:
a.
risen.
b.
decreased.
c.
exploded.
d.
remained static.
34. Research shows that juveniles are carrying guns than before.
a.
fewer
b.
more
c.
the same number of
d.
Research has yet to determine this statistic.
35. When girls misbehave, the juvenile justice system often treats them as:
a.
boys.
b.
adults.
c.
status offenders.
d.
criminals.
36. The first decision made in a juvenile court is to:
a.
determine guilt.
b.
file a petition of juvenile jurisdiction.
c.
appoint a lawyer.
d.
assess culpability.
37. Levels of gang activity through the 1990s.
a.
declined
b.
increased
c.
remained stable
d.
intensified
38. Aftercare operates in a way similar to:
a.
adult parole.
b.
adult probation.
c.
the House of Refuge.
d.
a minimum security prison.
39. An example of a status offense is:
a.
not doing homework.
b.
not cleaning the house.
c.
running away.
d.
talking back to parents.
40. Assumptions about the “normalcy” of delinquency depend on how the misbehavior fits the juvenile’s:
a.
disposition.
b.
age.
c.
attitude.
d.
parents.
41. According to the authors, most gangs are:
a.
violent.
b.
similar.
c.
non-violent.
d.
brutal.
42. The public today calls for a approach to juveniles.
a.
rehabilitative
b.
lenient
c.
get-tough
d.
restorative
43. In 2009, how many juvenile offenders were referred to juvenile court?
a.
500,000
b.
1.5 million
c.
300,000
d.
more than 2 million
44. ___________ refers to the period of juvenile corrections in which reformers urged the creation of institutions where
delinquent, abandoned, abused, and neglected children could live in a healthy environment, learn good work and study
habits, and develop character.
a.
Juvenile rights
b.
Refuge
c.
Puritan
d.
Crime control
45. The first juvenile court in the United States was created in 1899 in:
a.
Philadelphia.
b.
New York City.
c.
Boston.
d.
Chicago.
46. Those who are uneasy and dissatisfied with the juvenile justice system’s response to certain juvenile offenders often
favor an increased use of ____________ to adult court.
a.
waiver
b.
reassignment
c.
relocation
d.
disposition
47. Programs that increase social interpersonal competence and decrease __________ tend to reduce delinquency.
a.
boredom
b.
drug involvement
c.
school failure
d.
sexual experimentation
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Requires “essentials” of due process
b. Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
c. Child who commits an act if committed by an adult is not a crime
d. Transfer to adult court
e. State as guardian
f. Parole
g. Specifies “essentials” of due process
h. Stop doing crime
i. Child not receiving proper care
j. Depends on social expectations
48. Delinquent
49. In Re Gault
50. Aftercare
51. Desistence
52. Parens patriae
53. Dependent
54. Kent v. United States
55. Neglected
56. Status offense
57. Waiver
58. A child is one who has no parent or guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care.
59. _________________ of minority juveniles often stems from disparity at the early stages of case processing.
60. With the dawn of the Juvenile Court period the new juvenile court took the role of .
61. A child who is not receiving proper care because of an action or inaction of parents is a .
62. The philosophy of juvenile corrections places a higher premium on and .
63. The Poor Laws established the basis for officials to take charge of vagrant and delinquent children.
64. When Americans are asked to identify the serious problems facing children, they cite _________ and crime.
65. The impact of juvenile _________ programs differs from adult programs in that they show a greater success
rate than adults.
66. The alone is not enough to predict whether or not a juvenile offender is someone whom society should
fear.
67. A(n) is considered a transfer to adult court.
68. Policy makers around the country are rethinking the get-tough approach to juvenile justice, and a new policy ethic is
beginning to surface referred to as _____________.
69. Most gangs are not ___________, and many gang members may actually engage in positive social behaviors.
70. The public today calls for ______________ measures to curb the juvenile crime problem
71. ____________________ refers to the fact that many youths who fail in school end up in prison.
72. ______________________-based programs usually have three objectives: keep truants in school, reduce school
violence, and improve academic performance of at-risk youth.
73. One of the most widespread new intermediate sanctions for juvenile offenders is the _____________.
74. The ______________________ Act is a federal law that was passed in 1988 that requires states to determine whether
the proportion of minorities in confinement exceeds their proportion in the community.
75. Compare and contrast the juvenile and adult correctional process. Be sure to highlight and address
philosophical, procedural, and programmatic similarities and differences. Do you agree that there ought to be
two distinct systems? Explain your position.
76. Discuss the differences between the terms “delinquent child,” “neglected child,” and “dependent child.”
Originally, which type of child was the juvenile system intended to focus on? Which type of child does it
currently focus primarily on today?
77. Identify and discuss four distinct sanctions for juvenile offenders. Discuss how these differ from adult
sanctions. Which sanction do you feel is the most important for diverting the following criminal and deviant
acts: (1) truancy, (2) drug and alcohol usage, (3) property crimes, and (4) violent behaviors?
78. Discuss the age of offenders within a typical juvenile corrections facility. Should this age be lowered to send
more juvenile offenders directly into the adult system? What would the benefits of this be for corrections as
whole?
