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66. Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as _____ needs.
a.
physiological
b.
existence
c.
belongingness
d.
relatedness
e.
growth
67. Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is
motivated by:
a.
growth needs.
b.
existence needs.
c.
relatedness needs.
d.
self-actualization needs.
e.
physiological needs.
68. The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with _____.
a.
Maslow
b.
Herzberg
c.
McClelland
d.
Alderfer
e.
Adam
69. According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor.
a.
achievement
b.
recognition
c.
pay
d.
responsibility
e.
opportunity for growth
70. Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries.
However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees.
Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?
a.
Good motivators and inadequate hygiene factors
b.
Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators
c.
Good hygiene factors and motivators
d.
Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators
e.
None of the above
71. Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition,
responsibility, and opportunity for growth?
a.
Hygiene factors
b.
Extrinsic factors
c.
Motivators
d.
Dissatisfiers
e.
All of these
72. _____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.
a.
Hygiene factors
b.
Reinforcers
c.
Motivators
d.
Dissatisfiers
e.
All of these
73. The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg
recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?
a.
Increase the level of hygiene factors
b.
Increase the level of motivators
c.
Decrease the level of motivators
d.
Decrease the level of hygiene factors
e.
None of these
74. The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes:
a.
a need for affiliation.
b.
a need for power.
c.
a need for achievement.
d.
a need for authority.
e.
all of these.
75. A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according
to McClelland.
a.
power
b.
achievement
c.
affiliation
d.
success
e.
expertise
76. Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as
her:
a.
need for power.
b.
need for achievement.
c.
need for affiliation.
d.
need for relatedness.
e.
none of these.
77. Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources office
recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue?
a.
He should look for work as a project manager.
b.
He should think about starting his own business.
c.
He should look for work in "corporate America," he is sure to climb to the top.
d.
He should play the Lotto.
e.
None of these.
78. Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?
a.
Goal specificity
b.
Goal difficulty
c.
Goal acceptance
d.
Feedback
e.
Goal motivation
79. In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals.
a.
goal specificity
b.
goal difficulty
c.
goal acceptance
d.
feedback
e.
goal motivation
80. In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in
progressing toward goal achievement?
a.
Goal specificity
b.
Goal difficulty
c.
Goal acceptance
d.
Feedback
e.
Goal motivation
81. Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation?
a.
Need hierarchy theory
b.
Equity theory
c.
Two-factor theory
d.
ERG theory
e.
Acquired needs theory
82. _____ theory deals with employee's perception of fairness.
a.
Expectancy
b.
Reinforcement
c.
Need hierarchy
d.
Equity
e.
ERG
83. Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon
makes more in salary even though, in Kara's opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this
perceived inequity, what should she do?
a.
She could reduce the number of hours she works.
b.
She could increase her level of absenteeism.
c.
She could ask for a raise.
d.
All of these.
e.
Only she could reduce the number of hours she works and she could ask for a raise.
84. Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?
a.
Change inputs
b.
Change outcomes
c.
Distorts perception
d.
Leave the job
e.
Change equity
85. Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?
a.
Equity theory
b.
Expectancy theory
c.
Reinforcement theory
d.
Two-factor theory
e.
ERG theory
86. Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the
store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone
else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?
a.
Working harder, not smarter
b.
Changing outcomes
c.
Changing work effort
d.
Changing perceptions
e.
Leaving the job
87. Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same
amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard,
so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity?
a.
Working harder, not smarter
b.
Changing outcomes
c.
Changing work effort
d.
Changing perceptions
e.
Leaving the job
88. A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is because
they:
a.
don’t make enough money.
b.
don’t feel appreciated.
c.
don’t believe in what the organization stands for.
d.
don’t like their colleagues.
e.
don’t like their boss.
89. The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
a.
P -> O expectancy
b.
E -> P expectancy
c.
O -> V expectancy
d.
A -> Z expectancy
e.
V -> P expectancy
90. Tim is a manager at Chuck's Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck's Construction,
regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim?
a.
E -> P expectancy
b.
O -> V expectancy
c.
P -> O expectancy
d.
E -> V expectancy
e.
None of these
91. Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is
unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is
low for Abbi?
a.
E -> P expectancy
b.
O -> P expectancy
c.
Valence
d.
Motivators
e.
O -> E indicators
92. Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome?
a.
Motivators
b.
Valence
c.
O -> V expectancy
d.
P -> O expectancy
e.
E -> V expectancy
93. Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior?
a.
Process
b.
Reinforcement
c.
Content
d.
Needs
e.
Maslow's
94. Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as:
a.
content theories.
b.
contingency theories.
c.
process theories.
d.
need hierarchy theories.
e.
reinforcement theories.
95. In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous.
a.
goal specificity
b.
goal difficulty
c.
goal acceptance
d.
feedback
e.
goal motivation
96. Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?
a.
Two-factor theory
b.
Need hierarchy theory
c.
Reinforcement theory
d.
ERG theory
e.
Equity theory
97. Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior?
a.
Avoidance learning
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Extinction
e.
Suspension
98. Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the
likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of:
a.
extinction.
b.
negative reinforcement.
c.
avoidance learning.
d.
positive reinforcement.
e.
none of these.
99. The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as:
a.
avoidance learning.
b.
punishment.
c.
positive reinforcement.
d.
extinction.
e.
inefficient management.
100. Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?
a.
Avoidance learning
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Extinction
e.
Neutral learning
101. _____ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.
a.
Avoidance learning
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Extinction
e.
Avoiding punishment
102. Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?
a.
Positive reinforcement
b.
Negative reinforcement
c.
Extinction
d.
Reward enhancement
e.
All of these
103. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and
recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which
of the following reinforcement techniques?
a.
Negative reinforcement
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Rewards enhancement
104. Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and
goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob
does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of
behavior modification?
a.
Empowerment
b.
Extinction
c.
Punishment
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Positive reinforcement
105. Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and
hence is less likely to occur in the future?
a.
Avoidance learning
b.
Punishment
c.
Positive reinforcement
d.
Extinction
e.
None of these
106. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with jokes and general
horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which
reinforcement tool?
a.
Extinction
b.
Positive reinforcement
c.
Negative reinforcement
d.
Avoidance learning
e.
Desired behavior is reinforced annually
107. Which theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and
punishments but also from the person’s thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people’s behavior?
a.
Reinforcement theory
b.
Hierarchy of needs theory
c.
ERG theory
d.
Experiential learning theory
e.
Social learning theory
108. _____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.
a.
Vicarious learning
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-reinforcement
d.
Delegation
e.
Experiential learning
109. At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the
factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of:
a.
vicarious learning.
b.
self-efficacy.
c.
self-reinforcement.
d.
delegation.
e.
experiential learning.
110. Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity
and satisfaction?
a.
Job design
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job simplification
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job enrichment
111. While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique.
a.
rotation
b.
enlargement
c.
simplification
d.
characteristics
e.
enrichment
112. Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task
complexity. He should try:
a.
job simplification.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
job rotation.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
job lay-off.
113. _____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an
employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enlargement
d.
Job enrichment
e.
None of these
114. Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job rotation
c.
Job enrichment
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
115. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?
a.
Job simplification
b.
Job enlargement
c.
Job rotation
d.
Job characteristics
e.
Job lay-off
116. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to
as:
a.
job simplification.
b.
job rotation.
c.
job enlargement.
d.
job enrichment.
e.
none of these.
117. Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and
learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?
a.
Job enlargement
b.
Job enrichment
c.
Job rotation
d.
Positive reinforcement
e.
Continuous
118. _____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.
a.
Critical psychological states
b.
A hierarchy of needs
c.
Schedules of reinforcement
d.
All of these
e.
None of these
119. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse
activities that make up a job is known as:
a.
autonomy.
b.
job enlargement.
c.
skill variety.
d.
task identity.
e.
feedback.
120. Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning
and ending?
a.
Task complexity
b.
Task identity
c.
Task significance
d.
Task structure
e.
None of these
121. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to
as:
a.
task complexity.
b.
task identity.
c.
task significance.
