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True / False
1. Criminology is an academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of
criminal behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The criminological enterprise subarea of criminal statistics/crime measurement involves creating methodologies that
are able to accurately measure activities, trends, and patterns in crime.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The mid-eighteenth-century belief stressing that the relationship between crime and punishment should be balanced and
fair can be traced to Cesare Beccaria.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is
a product of social, biological, or economic forces which one can measure empirically is known as the Classical School of
Criminology.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Chicago School sociologists argued that social forces operating in urban areas created a crime-promoting environment;
some areas were "natural areas" for crime.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Critical criminologists contend that society’s economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The juvenile delinquency research of Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (in the 1940s and 1950s) profoundly influenced
criminology and formed the basis for today’s trait theory.
a.
True
b.
False
8. A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed by lawmakers as socially harmful or dangerous.
a.
True
b.
False
9. According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-
nots.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The consensus view of crime suggests that the definition of crime reflects the preferences and opinions of people who
hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The term criminal law refers to the written code that defines crimes and their punishments.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would become a
precedent.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The distinction between whether a crime is classified as a felony or misdemeanor is based upon the age of the
individual committing the crime.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been influenced by government funding
linked to topics the government wants researched and topics the government wishes to avoid.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Bail is established at the preliminary hearing.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Members of a grand jury are made up of law enforcement officers and judges.
a.
True
b.
False
17. At the preliminary hearing, the judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for trial.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts are criminal.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course.
a.
True
b.
False
20. In the case of Miller v. Alabama, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that criminological research is obsolete
in the court system and has set a precedent for its exclusion ever since.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Penology refers to the subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
22. According to the text, recent research in the subarea of criminology involving terrorism found that mental illness is the
primary cause in explaining why young people become terrorists.
a.
True
b.
False
23. An evaluation of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) program, which classifies people on probation, among other
things, has been found to cut recidivism rates for high-risk offenders by as much as 20 percent.
a.
True
b.
False
24. A jury that is unable to agree on a decision, thus leaving the case unresolved and open for possible retrial is known as
a hung jury.
a.
True
b.
False
25. To be truly ethical, criminological research must have social value to research participants rather than simply doing no
harm.
a.
True
b.
False
26. If a defendant is released on bail and fails to appear for his or her hearing, a court date, referred to as a recognizance
hearing, is held to determine possible sanctions, which include forfeiture of bail money, property, and additional criminal
sanctions.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Nolle prosequi refers to the notion of "no prosecution," or cases in which the state has so much evidence against the
defendant that a trial is not needed in order to convict the accused.
a.
True
b.
False
KEYWORDS:
Bloom's: Remembering
Multiple Choice
28. The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior.
a.
nature, extent, cause, and control
b.
history, economics, and control
c.
prevalence, placement, and reduction
d.
economics, politics, and policies
29. Marvin Wolfgang’s 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological
enterprise?
a.
Developing theories of crime causation
b.
Understanding and describing criminal behavior
c.
Criminal statistics/crime measurement
d.
Sociology of law
30. Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the
______ subarea of the criminological enterprise.
a.
victimology
b.
penology/sentencing/corrections
c.
theory construction
d.
criminal statistics/crime measurement
31. Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating ________ measurements of criminal
behavior.
a.
tactical and strategic
b.
valid and reliable
c.
legal and positivist
d.
current and applicable
32. Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people
commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology.
a.
determinism
b.
classical
c.
positivism
d.
Marxism
33. “Let the punishment fit the crime” refers to which criminological school of thought?
a.
Positivist criminology
b.
Developmental criminology
c.
Classical criminology
d.
Sociological criminology
34. The man who was considered the “father of criminology” and who referred to offenders as “born criminals” was
a.
Cesare Lombroso
b.
Keith Bell
c.
Emile Durkheim
d.
Jeremy Bentham
35. Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions, and social norms as they mature and develop. This
process is referred to as ______.
a.
integration
b.
socialization
c.
assimilation
d.
civilization
36. The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels,
influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.
a.
Philadelphia School
b.
Seattle School
c.
Chicago School
d.
New York School
37. The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which faults the economic system for
producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.
a.
classical
b.
positivist
c.
developmental
d.
critical
38. According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such as neighborhood conditions,
cultural factors, and norm conflict.
a.
situational
b.
internal
c.
political
d.
ecological
39. According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?
a.
Internal
b.
Political
c.
Ecological
d.
Situational
40. A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____.
a.
challenged, and banned under common law
b.
stigmatized, and banned under procedural law
c.
prohibited, and punished under criminal law
d.
prohibited, and punished under civil law
41. Which of the following situations reflect an act of deviance as opposed to a crime?
a.
A thief who steals an unlocked automobile
b.
A passerby who observes a person drowning and does not offer aid
c.
A person who withdraws from family after joining a religious cult
d.
A man who rapes a woman
42. In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to
criminalize marijuana, which had been legal until that time. Which concept of crime does Anslinger’s moral crusade
reflect?
a.
Consensus view of crime
b.
Conflict view of crime
c.
Interactionist view of crime
d.
Legalistic view of crime
43. Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be
they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?
a.
Consensus view of crime
b.
Conflict view of crime
c.
Interactionist view of crime
d.
Legalistic view of crime
44. The _______ view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing
struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation.
a.
consensus
b.
conflict
c.
interactionist
d.
legalistic
45. Mala in se crimes, such as murder and rape, reflect which view of crime?
a.
Consensus view of crime
b.
Conflict view of crime
c.
Interactionist view of crime
d.
Legalistic view of crime
46. For the consensus view of crime, it is the ______ that defines crimes and their punishments.
a.
social contract
b.
legal code
c.
moral code
d.
written code
47. Which of the following is not a legitimate social goal of the criminal law?
a.
Enforcing social control
b.
Encouraging revenge
c.
Expressing public opinion and morality
d.
Deterring criminal behavior
48. Mala prohibitum crimes, such as traffic offenses and gambling violations, change according to social conditions and
attitudes. Criminal law is used to codify these changes, reflecting which purpose of law?
a.
Enforcing social control
b.
Creating equity
c.
Expressing public opinion and morality
d.
Maintaining social order
49. The American legal system is a direct descendent of _____.
a.
Roman appellate law
b.
British appellate law
c.
British common law
d.
Roman common law
50. The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, “an
eye for an eye,” but the severity of punishment was dependent on one’s class standing. This code was known as the
______.
a.
Code of Hammurabi
b.
Mosaic Code
c.
Judeo-Christian Code
d.
Code of the Israelites
51. Under common law, if a royal judge successfully applied a ruling in a number of different cases and published that
ruling in order that other judges could apply the ruling in their subsequent decisions, the ruling would become ______.
a.
a precedent
b.
a royal order
c.
statutory law
d.
a key decision
52. Which of the following offenses would be classified as a felony?
a.
Petty larceny
b.
Assault and battery
c.
Burglary
d.
Disturbing the peace
53. Which of the following offenses would be classified as a misdemeanor?
a.
Rape
b.
Treason
c.
Grand theft auto
d.
Battery
54. Not only should criminological research do no harm to subjects, but this research should also ______.
a.
lead to prestige and status for the researcher
b.
result in financial gain for the researcher
c.
result in financial gain for research subjects
d.
be empowering and directly useful to research subjects
55. Criminologists should be ethical in their research because ______.
a.
they may face a jail sentence if they are not
b.
they are moral entrepreneurs
c.
the lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research
d.
they are seeking to validate their own theories
56. Criminologists may face an ethical issue when ______.
a.
studying only poor, minority subjects while ignoring white-collar criminals
b.
using a mail survey instead of face-to-face interviews
c.
publishing findings in a public journal
d.
all of the above
57. Agencies of social control include all of the following except
a.
corrections
b.
courts
c.
police
d.
legislatures
58. Police assume which role in the criminal justice system?
a.
Apprehending suspects
b.
Advocates for victims
c.
Sentencing defendants
d.
Incarcerating the guilty
59. Approximately how many people are arrested each year for serious felony offenses?
a.
2 million
b.
12 million
c.
24 million
d.
40 million
60. Which of the following places the decision points of the criminal justice system in order of their occurrence?
a.
Complaint, arrest, arraignment, investigation
b.
Plea bargaining, grand jury, correctional treatment, appeal
c.
Custody, arraignment, adjudication, disposition
d.
Disposition, investigation, correctional treatment, plea bargaining
61. The accused is brought before the trial judge and formal charges are read during which step in the criminal justice
process?
a.
Adjudication
b.
Arrest
c.
Arraignment
d.
Disposition
62. What is the term used to describe a jury that is unable to agree on a decision?
a.
Broken
b.
Hung
c.
Mixed
d.
Tied
Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim
knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while “partying,” Donald explains in
his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating
and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun
and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.
63. According to Marvin Wolfgang, the incident described above is best characterized as a ______.
a.
criminological enterprise
b.
misdemeanor
c.
victim-precipitated homicide
d.
white-collar homicide
64. What subarea of criminology would be most interested in understanding the victim’s role in Donald’s case?
a.
Crime statistics
b.
Penology
c.
Sociology of law
d.
Victimology
65. Who would argue that Donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the
trigger as a result of free will?
a.
A conflict theorist
b.
A critical criminologist
c.
A positivist
d.
A rational choice theorist
66. Assuming Donald’s guilt, rehabilitation would begin at what phase of the criminal justice process?
a.
Preliminary hearing
b.
Arrest
c.
Trial
d.
Incarceration
Governor Smith is interested in overhauling the criminal justice system in his state. He realizes that this is a huge
endeavor and will need the help of many experts in the field who make up the agencies of social control. He begins
assembling his team to look at crime and the criminal justice system in his state.
67. The lawyers on his team believe that acts prohibited by the criminal law constitute behaviors considered unacceptable
and impermissible. They believe that government should achieve a number of social goals when outlawing certain
behaviors. Which common goal is said to have been met by applying criminal punishments that are designed to prevent
crimes before they occur?
a.
Enforcing social control
b.
Discouraging revenge
c.
Teaching moral values
d.
Deterring criminal behavior
68. Which of the following is not one of the subareas of criminology listed outlined in the text?
a.
Biosocial Behaviorism
b.
Victimology
c.
Penology
d.
Criminal Statistics
69. Edwin Sutherland is most known for his pioneering research in which of the following fields?
a.
White-collar crime
b.
Environmental crime
c.
Social bond theory
d.
Techniques of neutralization
70. A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or
series of offenses is known as ______.
a.
mandatory sentencing
b.
specified sentencing
c.
selective sentencing
d.
required sentencing
71. A relapse into criminal behavior after apprehension, conviction, and correction for a previous crime is known as
______.
a.
Neutralization theory
b.
Recidivism
c.
enology
d.
Responsivity
72. The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes
in society is known as ______.
a.
social process theory
b.
techniques of neutralization
c.
social conflict theory
d.
social structure theory
Completion
73. _______ consists of actions that depart from the social norm.
74. A(n) _________ measure is a measure that actually measures what it purports to measure.
75. The treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior is _______________.
76. ______________ is the study of the victim’s role in criminal events.
77. ____________ is the branch of social sciences that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that
human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.
78. A lack of norms or clear social standards is referred to as ____________.
79. A _______ is an act deemed socially harmful or dangerous and is prohibited under the criminal law.
80. The written code that defines crimes and their punishments is ________________.
81. The ______ is the foundation of Judeo-Christian moral teachings and a basis for the U.S. legal system.
82. A _______ is a serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually for one year or more.
83. A pledge by the accused to return for trial, which may be accepted in the form of bail is known as _____.
84. A declaration that expresses the prosecutor’s decision to drop a case from further prosecution is known as ______.
85. A written accusation returned by a grand jury charging an individual with a specified crime based on the prosecutor’s
demonstration of probable cause is known as ______.
86. Fingerprinting, photographing, and recording personal information of a suspect is commonly referred to as _____.
87. Taking a criminal case to a higher court on the grounds that the defendant was found guilty because of legal error or
violation of his or her constitutional rights is known as a/an _____.
88. A filing before an impartial lower-court judge who decides whether the case should go forward is known as ______.
89. An agreement between prosecution and defense in which the accused pleads guilty in return for a reduced sentence,
reduction of charges, or some other consideration is known as ______.
90. What are the differences between felonies and misdemeanors? Provide examples of each of these types of crimes.
91. Explain the "process of justice" as illustrated in your text.
92. Explain a hypothetical scenario in which a plea bargain may be used for a criminal convicted of multiple felonies.
