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True / False
1. Probation release is often tied to shock incarceration.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The number of felons on parole has decreased since 1980.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Parole boards always welcome public criticism.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Release on parole has had little impact on other parts of the system, such as plea bargaining and sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
5. States retaining indeterminate sentencing allow discretionary release by the parole board within the boundaries of the
sentence and the law.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Almost all inmates will eventually be released to live in the community
a.
True
b.
False
7. Sir Walter Crofton added to the concept of parole by adding a ticket-of-leave system.
a.
True
b.
False
8. All states have some form of prison programs that prepare the offender for release to community supervision.
a.
True
b.
False
9. According to the authors, statistics show that most parolees return to prison.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Inmates who are on a mandatory release status are able to include their good time credit toward their release.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Parole in the United States evolved during the 19th century following the English, Australian, and Irish practices of
conditional pardon, apprenticeship by indenture, and transportation.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Except for a small handful of inmates who actually die in prison, a large percentage of those incarcerated will one day
be released back into the community.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Both adult felons and misdemeanants can be released on parole.
a.
True
b.
False
14. In all U.S. states, the parole board (releasing authority) is part of the department of corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Parole release mechanisms primarily determine the date at which a particular prisoner will be released back into the
community.
a.
True
b.
False
16. One impact of the explosive growth of the nation’s prison population is the huge increase in the number of inmates
who are being released into the community after serving their terms.
a.
True
b.
False
17. All states, except for Alaska and Hawaii, have some form of prison program designed to prepare the offenders for
release to community supervision.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
18. In the wake of the “get tough on crime” movement over the past three decades, the number of parolees in the United
States has:
a.
doubled.
b.
tripled.
c.
decreased.
d.
remained the same.
19. The decision to release an inmate is made in the context of:
a.
analytical clarity.
b.
political fairness.
c.
public support.
d.
competing goals.
20. From 1920 to 1973, all states and the federal government used sentencing and release procedures involving:
a.
determinate sentencing.
b.
mandatory minimums.
c.
indeterminate sentences.
d.
mandatory release.
21. Probation release is often tied to , which focuses on first-time offenders when they are sentenced to a short period of
incarceration and then reenter the community under supervision.
a.
shock incarceration
b.
rehabilitation
c.
convalescence
d.
psychotherapy
22. Parole is also known as:
final punishment.
a.
conditional release.
b.
punitive chance.
c.
reentry.
d.
23. ________has been described as a “transient state between liberty and recommitment.”
a.
Incarceration
b.
Parole
c.
Probation
d.
Reentry
24. In some states, those serving on a parole board are appointed by the:
a.
warden.
b.
governor.
c.
commissioner.
d.
ombudsman.
25. After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus “good time,” if any, he or she will receive:
a.
conditional release.
b.
discretionary release.
c.
mandatory release.
d.
none of these.
26. A parole board organized inside a department of corrections is an example of a/an parole board.
a.
autonomous
b.
independent
c.
consolidated
d.
none of these
27. An inmate’s eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by the law and:
a.
sentence status.
b.
rehabilitation status.
c.
offense.
d.
victim status.
28. Discretionary release places great faith in the ability of the parole board members to:
a.
link inmate treatment with the level of custody.
b.
predict future offender behavior.
c.
assess readiness for permanent release to community.
d.
all of these.
29. Because of__________ , many states have devised ways to get around the rigidity of mandatory release.
a.
prison population growth
b.
public pressure
c.
labor shortages
d.
expenses
30. Inmates who are released from any further correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current
offense have been given:
a.
conditional releases.
b.
expiration releases.
c.
mandatory releases.
d.
tertiary release.
31. Most parole boards cite an inmate’s progress in as one criterion for release.
a.
self-improvement programs
b.
family visitations
c.
solitary confinement
d.
religious practices
32. In the________ , there is a parole board, an independent decision-making authority, that is organizationally close
enough to the correctional department to be sensitive to institutional and correctional needs.
a.
multifunctional model
b.
autonomous model
c.
consolidated model
d.
independent model
33. Sir Walter Crofton built___________on idea of requiring prisoners to earn early release.
a.
Zebulon Brockway’s
b.
John Howard’s
c.
Sir Robert Peel’s
d.
Alexander Maconochie’s
34. Which of the following is a release criterion used by the parole board?
a.
prior criminal record
b.
attitudes toward victims
c.
history of community adjustment
d.
all of these
35. One of the consequences of discretionary parole is:
a.
it leaves prisoners in limbo.
b.
prisoners have few due process rights at the hearing.
c.
decisions are made outside of the public’s attention.
d.
all of these.
36. Which of the following is an impact of release mechanisms?
a.
They can shorten a sentence imposed by a judge.
b.
They encourage plea-bargaining.
c.
They mitigate the harshness of the penal code.
d.
all of these.
37. _________is based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs.
a.
Conditional release
b.
Discretionary release
c.
Mandatory release
d.
Expirational release
38. More than adult felons leave state and federal prisons each year.
a.
125,000
b.
275,000
c.
300,000
d.
600,000
39. With the increase in the prison population, the percentage of parolees has:
a.
decreased.
b.
increased.
c.
remained static.
d.
tapered off.
40. Parole evolved during the:
a.
17th century.
b.
18th century.
c.
19th century.
d.
20th century.
41. According to inmates, if you want to be paroled you are required to:
a.
use prison politics.
b.
be in solitary confinement.
c.
be uncooperative with staff.
d.
be in a program.
42. The goal of community corrections is to prepare offenders for reentry into society gradually through the:
a.
rehabilitative model.
b.
retributive model.
c.
reintegration model.
d.
reinforcement model.
43. Roughly ____________ of release inmates are mentally or physically impaired.
a.
1/3
b.
3/4
c.
1/2
d.
all
44. Which of the following is NOT one of the three key concepts that parole is based upon?
a.
custody
b.
constitutional rights
c.
contract of consent
d.
grace
45. All of the following countries had a direct impact on the creation and early implementation of our parole system in the
19th century, except:
a.
France.
b.
Australia.
c.
Ireland.
d.
England.
46. _______________ release refers to the release of an inmate from prison without any further correctional supervision;
the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of their sentence for the current offense.
a.
Mandatory
b.
Conditional
c.
Expiration
d.
Discretionary
47. _______________ release occurs when a sentencing judge requires a period of postcustody supervision in the
community.
a.
Probation
b.
Discretionary
c.
Expiration
d.
Mandatory
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Post-custody supervision in the community
b. Without any further correctional supervision
c. Used with indeterminate sentence
d. Furloughs
e. Required release
f. The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released
g. Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions
h. Treat a mental abnormality
i. The government extends the privilege of release
j. Conditional release
48. Mandatory release
49. Discretionary release
50. Conditional release
51. Expiration release
52. Probation release
53. Presumptive release date
54. Parole
55. Civil commitment
56. Contract of consent
57. Grace or privilege
58. Parole is the conditional release of an offender from incarceration but not from the ____________________.
59. An inmate released from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries
set by the sentence and the penal law has a/an _____________.
60. A key figure in developing parole in the 1800s was _________________________.
61. ________________is when the government enters into an agreement with the prisoner whereby the prisoner promises
to abide by conditions in exchange for release.
62. Only ________________are released on parole.
63. If a parolee breaks a rule, their parole may be____________ .
64. _______________is when the prisoner could be kept incarcerated but the government extends the privilege of release.
65. ___________________is the release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision.
66. According to the authors,_______________ is when a parolee is still the responsibility of the government
67. If parole is not regularly awarded to eligible prisoners,________ among inmates may suffer, consequently impacting
their attitudes and behavior toward staff and other inmates.
68. _______________ release is often tied to shock incarceration, a practice in which first-time offenders are sentenced to
a short period in jail (the shock) and then allowed to reenter the community.
69. Based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitation programs, __________ release is designed to
allow the parole board to release inmates to conditional supervision in the community when they are deemed “ready” to
live as law abiding citizens.
70. An inmate’s eligibility for release to community supervision depends on requirements set by ___________ and the
sentence imposed by the court.
71. The ______________ parole date refers to the assumed release date stipulated by parole guidelines if the offender
serves time without disciplinary incidents.
72. A major criticism of discretionary release is that it has shifted responsibility for primary criminal justice decisions
from the _________________ who holds legal procedures in high regard, to a(n) ______________, where discretion
rules.
73. From the philosophy of community corrections has come the _____________ model, a model that focuses on
reconnecting the offender with society.
74. Signed into law in 2008, the ________________ Act is a federal law that is designed to ensure the safe and successful
return of prisoners through grants to states and communities to support reentry initiatives.
75. You have been selected as the commissioner for the department of corrections in your state. Your first responsibility is
to develop criteria for granting an inmate’s release on parole. Describe the criteria and explain why you selected these
conditions. What problems may the criteria present? Finally, discuss in detail the steps you would take as commissioner to
ensure the ease of an offender’s reentry into their community.
76. Discuss how releasing authorities (parole boards) are organized within corrections. Is the selection process for who
sits on the board fair, and how effective are the persons chosen for this task? What are the requirements of each
participant who is selected?
77. Discuss the origins and evolution of parole within the United States. Who assisted in the integration of this concept
both internationally and within the United States? How has parole changed since its inception in this country in the 19th
century? In regard to prison issues (e.g., lack of funding, overcrowding) currently plaguing our country, do you believe we
may see parole ultimately change again? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
78. List and describe the five basic release mechanisms by which inmates are transitioned out of prison. In your
description, be sure to note both their individual strengths and weaknesses. In your opinion, which mechanism is the most
effective in reducing recidivism? In contrast, which is the least effective? Be sure to fully explain your responses.
