Chapter 14 Who needs archaeology when we already have eyewitness

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 9
subject Words 1827
subject Textbook Archaeology 7th Edition
subject Authors David Hurst Thomas, Robert L. Kelly
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1.Theearliestexplorationsinhistoricalarchaeologywereconductedto:​
a.​disprovethevalidityofdocumentarysourcesandshowthatarchaeologicalexcavationwastheonlywayto
trulyunderstandthepast.
b.​understandhowearlyEuropeansettlersinteractedwithexistingNativeAmericanpopulations.
c.​understandmoreabouttheinvestigators’ownpasts.
d.​justifycolonialexpansionandracisttreatmentofNativeAmericans.
2.Thestudyofhumanbehaviorthroughmaterialremains,forwhichwrittenhistoryinsomewayaffectsits
interpretation,is:​
a.​prehistoricandhistoricalarchaeology.
b.​historicalarchaeology.
c.​processualarchaeology.
d.​postprocessualarchaeology.
3.Writtenrecordsdocumentthehistoricpast.Sowhydoarchaeologistsdohistoricalarchaeology?​
a.​Documentarysourcescanbeselectiveandbiasedtowardtheinterestsofparticularcultural,political,or
ethnicgroups.
b.​Documentarysourcesdonotexistformostofthehistoricpast.
c.​Archaeologicalexcavationscandemonstratethathistoricalrecordsarewrong,andthususelessforinferring
anythingaboutthepast.
d.​Noneoftheanswers;ifwrittenrecordsexist,archaeologistsdonotbotherwithhistoricalarchaeology.
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4.Whichofthefollowingistrueofhistoricalarchaeologytoday?​
a.​Theresearchinterestsofhistoricalarchaeologyarefairlylimited,focusingonplantations.
b.​Historicalarchaeologyishighlyspecialized,withitsownjournalsandprofessionalorganizations,andabroad
rangeofresearchinterests.
c.​Duetorecentchangesinculturalresourcemanagementlegislation,historicalarchaeologyisnolonger
requiredbythefederalgovernment.
d.​Historicalarchaeologyisrapidlygrowinginpopularity.
5.Howdoescontemporaryhistoricalarchaeologydifferfromitsprehistoriccounterpart?​
a.​Modernhistoricalarchaeologyoftenhasapostprocessualslanttoit,addressinghumanisticandideological
concerns.
b.​Historicalarchaeologiststendnottostudylarge-scaleprocesses;thehighdegreeoftemporalresolutionin
historicsitesoftenleadsinvestigatorstofocusonspecificeventsorindividuals.
c.​Becausehistoricalarchaeologydealswiththerelativelyrecentpast,andallthecultural,political,andethical
challengestherein,itisoftenemotionallycharged.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorthemeofresearchinhistoricalarchaeologytoday?​
a.​Thestudyofhistoricallydisenfranchisedgroupswhosehistorieswereincompletelyrecorded,recordedina
biasedmanner,orstillsometimesignored.
b.​Attemptstoresolvedisputesoverthenatureofkeyhistoricalevents.
c.​Attemptstolocateanddescribetheoldest,largest,ormosthistoricallysignificantsitesinordertoensure
theirprotection.
d.​ThenatureofEuropeancolonialism,thedevelopmentofcapitalism,andtheireffectsonindigenouspeoples.
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7.Earlyplantationarchaeology(priortothe1960s)wasprimarilyaimedat:​
a.​architecturalreconstruction,emphasizingthegrandeuroftheantebellumwayoflife.
b.​verifyingthewrittenrecordsofthetime.
c.​uncoveringinformationaboutaspectsofslavelifethatwrittenrecordsfromthetimedidnotaddress.
d.​dispellingthe“meltingpot”perspectiveofAmericanhistory.
8.WhichofthefollowingistrueofThomasJefferson?​
a.​HewasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates,aswellasanarchitect,inventor,scholar,diplomat,and
archaeologist.
b.​Hehadaslaveforcenumbering200peopleattimes,andheknewthatwithoutslaverytheagrarianeconomy
ofthetimewouldcollapse.
c.​Heprobablyfatheredsixchildrenwithoneofhishouseslaves,SallyHemings.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
9.SlavearchaeologyatJefferson’sMonticelloplantationinVirginiahashelpedinterprethistoricalrecordsfromthe
time.Forinstance,writtenrecordsdocumentthatJeffersonmovedCrittaHemings(partofhishousestaff)froma
largehousewithabrickfloor,astonefireplace,andarchitecturalembellishments,toasmallsimplehousewithdirt
floors.Yetsheremainedapartofhishousestaff,anormallyfavoredstatus.Slavequarterexcavationsshowed:​
a.​ThatHemingswasdemoted;sheandherfamilywereforcedtomovefromthelargehousewhereonlythey
livedtomuchsmallerquarterswhichtheyhadtosharewithseveralotherfamilies.
b.​ThatthemoveactuallyprovidedHemingsandherfamilywithaccesstosubfloorpitsinwhichtheycould
storetheirpossessions,helpingthemmaintainsomeprivacyandsecurity.
c.​ThatthemoveactuallyallowedHemingsandherfamilytohaveahouseoftheirown,ratherthansharinga
householdwithotherfamilies.
d.​Hemingsneveractuallymoved;sheandherfamilyremainedinherlargehouseinspiteofJefferson’s
demands.
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10.BioarchaeologicalanalysisoftheburialsfromtheAfricanBurialGroundsiteinNewYorkCityshowedthat:​
a.​Nearlyalloftheburialswereindividuals>55yearsold;theearliestslaveswerethereforetreatedbetterthan
archaeologistshadassumedbasedontheknowntreatmentoflaterslaves.
b.​Halfofthepopulationdiedbeforereachingtheageof12,withanotherpeakinmortalitybetweentheagesof
15and20.
c.​Thepopulationhadsufferedfromextrememalnutritionandrampantdisease,buttheywerenotforcedto
workveryhard.
d.​Theskeletalremainsweretoopoorlyreservedtodetermineanythingaboutdemographicstructureor
pathologyoftheburialpopulation.
11.BioarchaeologicalanalysisoftheskeletalremainsfromtheAfricanBurialGroundsitedeterminedthatunlikethe
slaves’livesinNewYork,theirlivesinAfricawere:​
a.​Plaguedbymalnutritionandseveredisease,withabundantevidenceofhypoplasiasandotherpathologies
b.​Relativelyfreeofmalnutritionandseveredisease,withlittleevidenceofhypoplasiasorotherpathologies
c.​Characterizedbyextremelyhardphysicallabor,asindicatedbyenlargedmuscleattachmentsandlesions
fromtornmuscles
d.​Characterizedbyextremeviolenceandwarfare,asindicatedbythepresenceofabundanthealedand
unhealedskeletalfractures
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12.HowdidpublicinvolvementintheAfricanBurialGroundprojectinfluencetheproject’sresearchdesign?​
a.​Ithadverylittleinfluence;thelocalAfrican-Americancommunityhaddoubtsthatanyoftheinterred
individualswereactuallytheirancestors,andsoconsequentlyhadlittledesiretobeinvolvedintheproject.
b.​Thelocalcommunity,refusingtolettheirancestorsbefurtherexploited,calledfortheimmediatereburialof
anyhumanskeletalremainsandassociatedgravegoodswithoutanalysisordocumentation;theproject’s
researchdesignwasthereforeneverrealized.
c.​Thearchaeologistsworkedwiththelocalcommunity,incorporatingtheirconcernsandquestionsintothe
project’sresearchdesign,resultingincommunityempowermentaswellasamoremeaningfulresearch
project.
d.​Inordertoreducethecontroversyassociatedwiththeproject,thefederalgovernmentallowedthelocal
communitytotakecompletecontroloftheresearchdesign;theresultwasalackofrigorousscientific
methodologyandamorehumanisticandideologicalapproachtotheproject.
13.WhathappenedtothehumanskeletalremainsfromtheAfricanBurialGroundproject?​
a.​TheywerereburiedinOctoberof2003,aftertheyhadbeenanalyzed.
b.​TheywerestoredinabasementattheWorldTradeCenteralongwithalloftheexcavationdocumentsfrom
theproject;everythingwasdestroyedwhenthebuildingcollapsedonSeptember11,2001.
c.​TheyareondisplayattheAfricanBurialGroundCenter,whichisactivelyengagedinbringingthefindingsof
theprojecttothepublic.
d.​Theywerestolenfromstoragein2003andhavenotyetbeenrecovered;authoritiesbelievetheyweretaken
bylocalcommunitymemberswhoopposedtheproject.
14.ThebattleoftheLittleBighorntookplacein:​
a.​Wyoming.
b.​Montana.
c.​SouthDakota.
d.​Nebraska.
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15.Custer’s“laststand”wasimmortalizedinseveralpaintingscreatedinthe1890sbybothNativeAmericansand
whiteAmericansettlers.TheimagescreatedbytheAmericanwhitesgenerallyshow:​
a.​CusterandhisarmybeingslaughteredbyLakota,NorthernCheyenne,andArapahowarriors.
b.​Custerandhismenfightingbravelyandcalmly,well-disciplinedtotheend.
c.​theIndianpeoplefleeinginpanicandfear,tryingtoescapeCuster’sarmythatwasclearlycontrollingthe
battle.
d.​themercilessslaughterofIndianwomen,children,andtheelderlybyCuster’sarmy.
16.ArchaeologicalinvestigationofthebattlefieldatLittleBighornwasabletodeterminecombatantpositionsand
movements.Howwasthisaccomplished?​
a.​IntensiveexcavationsofgravesmarkedbygravemarkersthatdeterminedthepositionofAmericansoldiers
andIndianwarriorswheretheyfellincombat.
b.​Extensivehorizontalexcavationsthatrecoverednumerousskeletalremainsandartifactsofthebattle,suchas
shellcasings.
c.​Surveywithmetaldetectorsthatlocatedcartridgesandbullets,thepositionsofwhichwerethencarefully
mapped.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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17.WhatwasarchaeologicalinvestigationofthebattlefieldatLittleBighornabletoconcludeaboutthenatureofthe
battle?​
a.​Virtuallynoevidenceofformaltacticssuchasskirmishlines,supportingIndianaccountsofchaosandhand-
to-handfighting.
b.​Evidenceofabundantskirmishlines,supportingsettleraccountsofCusterandhismenfightinginacalmand
controlledmanner.
c.​Custer’spersonalmovementscouldbetrackedbythepresenceofbrasscartridges,ashehadtheonly
weapononthebattlefieldthatusedthem;hismovementsindicatethathemaintainedcontrolofthebattleuntil
hisdeath.
d.​Thebattlelastedfordays,withcontrolofthebattleswitchingfrequentlyfromCuster’sarmytotheIndians,
andbackagainbeforeCuster’stroopswerefinallycompletelysubdued.
18.ThemonumenthonoringtheeventsthatoccurredattheBattleoftheLittleBighorndifferstodayfromwhenitwas
erectedin1881inthat:​
a.​whileitwasinitiallynamedtheLittleBighornBattlefieldNationalMonument,oppositiongroupswere
successfulinchangingthenametoCusterBattlefield.
b.​in1881,itwasthoughtthatIndianwarriorshadslaughteredCusterandhisarmy,andsoitwasthatevent
thatthemonumentdepicted;todayarchaeologyhasshownthatCusterandhismenactuallywonthebattle,
andsothemonumentnowdepictsthatevent.
c.​anewmemorialnowalsohonorsthefallenCheyenne,Lakota,andArapahowarriors.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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19.Thepostprocessualparadigmthatemphasizestheimportanceofarchaeologists’understandingofthespecific
contextswithinwhichtheywork,andofthenotionthatknowledgeissituatedwithinaculturalframeworkandcan
consequentlyservespecialinterests,is:​
a.​calledcriticaltheory.
b.​knownbycriticswhoquestionitsrelevanceasa“medievalmind-set.”
c.​oftenusefulinprehistoricarchaeology,butisrarelyconsideredusefulforhistoricalarchaeology.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
20.Whydoeshistoricalarchaeologyoccupysuchaprominentpositionwithinarchaeology?​
a.​Alargenumberofhistoricalsitesareuncoveredbyconstructionprojectsdrivenbyagrowingpopulation,
andculturalresourcemanagementlawsrequirethattheyaredealtwith.
b.​Manypeopleareinterestedinthecolonialandpost-colonialhistoryoftheUnitedStates.
c.​Thehistoriesofpeoplewhowereoppressedorvictimizedinthepastareoftenonlydiscoveredthrough
historicalarchaeology;knowledgeofthesehistoriescanempowerlivingdescendantcommunities.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
21.Whydohistoricalarchaeologyifwealreadyhavethehistoricalrecords?​
a.​Historicalrecordsarepersonalopinionswrittenatthetimeandareallconsideredtobenotonlybiased,but
wrong.
b.​Historicalsourcescanbebiased,intentionallyornot.
c.​Historicalarchaeologistslikecurrenthistory.
d.​Historicalarchaeologistsdonotlikeveryoldarchaeologicalevidence.
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22.Threemajorareasofhistoricalarchaeologicalresearchtodayinclude​
a.​historicallydisenfranchisedgroups.
b.​questionsabouttherecentpastleftunansweredbyhistorybooks.
c.​asiancolonialismanditseffectsonindigenouspeoples.
d.​historicallydisenfranchisedgroupsandquestionsabouttherecentpastleftunansweredbyhistorybooks.
23.WhyaretheresofewAfricanAmericansdoingarchaeology?​
a.​Althoughthereisplentyofinformationonthesubject,noonehascaredtoknowwhy.
b.​Peoplefrommarginalizedgroupsdonotpursueadvanceddegrees.
c.​Peoplefrommarginalizedgroupsdonotdesiretoengageinworkthatismeaningful.
d.​Thelackofopportunitiestostudyarchaeologyathistoricallyblackcollegesanduniversities.
24.ResearchatMulberryRowhelpsusunderstand​
a.​nineteenthcenturyslaveauctions.
b.​proportionsofenslavedpeopletoEuropeans.
c.​slavelifeatMonticello.
d.​thetraditionalmeltingpotthemeinAmericanhistory.
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25.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutThomasJefferson?​
a.​Jeffersonreportedlymistreatedtheenslavedpopulation.
b.​JeffersondoubtedwhetherCaucasiansandAfricanscouldsuccessfullycreateabiracialsociety.
c.​JeffersondidnotfavoraplantotransportfreeblackstoAfricaorelsewhere.
d.​JeffersonwasnotthefatherofchildrenwithSallyHemings,aspreviouslyclaimed.
26.MichaelBlakey’sanalysisofsome400individualsfromtheFirstAfricanBaptistCemeteryinPhiladelphiarevealed​
a.​halfthepopulationdiedbeforetheageof30.
b.​halfthepopulationdiedbeforetheageof12.
c.​halfthepopulationdiedaftertheemancipationofslaves.
d.​someofthedeathswereduetosuicides.
27.Americanhistoricalarchaeologistsworktorecoverthehistoryofcommunitiesbyexcavatingtheimmigrant
communitiesof​
a.​earlynineteenthcenturyminingtowns.
b.​chineserailroadlaborcamps.
c.​episcopalcommunities.
d.​earlynineteenthcenturyminingtownsandchineserailroadlaborcamps.
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28.Blakey’sresearchteamorganizedtostudytheAfricanburialGroundinNewYorkincluded​
a.​geologists.
b.​anthropologists.
c.​geneticists.
d.​anthropologistsandgeneticists.
29.AllofthefollowingdescribeeventssurroundingtheLudlowMassacreEXCEPT:​
a.​nooneknowswhichsidefiredthefirstshot.
b.​theUMWAsetupamakeshiftminer’scamp.
c.​Rockefellerrefusedtoimprovelivingconditions.
d.​theCFIwouldnotrecognizetheUMWA.
30.TheLudlowTentCampexcavationshowedthattheColoradoNationalGuardwerewrongabouttheexistenceof​
a.​cannedgoods.
b.thebutcheringofanimals.
c.​segregatedlivingquarters.
d.​riflepits.
31.Whilehistoricalarchaeologyiscurrentlyoneofthemostimportantdirectionsincurrentarchaeology,its
developmentoccurredmuchlaterintimethandidprehistoricarchaeology;theearliesthistoricarchaeological
excavationsdidnottakeplaceuntilthemid-20thcentury.​
a.True
b.False
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32.Thegoalsandresearchinterestsofhistoricalarchaeologyhaveremainedlargelyunchangedsinceitsearliest
practice.​
a.True
b.False
33.Amajorconcernofmodernhistoricalarchaeologyisuncoveringthehistoriesofdisenfranchisedgroupswhose
historieshaveoftenbeenignoredorincorrectlyrecorded.​
a.True
b.False
34.Modernplantationandslavearchaeologyisusuallyaimedatarchitecturalreconstruction,withpubliceducation
focusedonthegenteelantebellumwayoflife,nowathingofthepast.​
a.True
b.False
35.InspiteofthefactthatThomasJeffersonregardedtheinstitutionofslaveryasbrutalandimmoral,andthathe
himselffavoreditsabolition,henonethelesshadaslaveforceattimesnumbering200people.​
a.True
b.False
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36.Althoughslaveryismostlythoughtofasasoutherninstitution,itwasalsodeeplyengrainedinthenorth;theAfrican
BurialGroundindowntownNewYorkCitycontainstheremainsofbetween10,000and20,000peoplethatwere
buriedthereduringthe1700s.​
a.True
b.False
37.AlthoughmuchcouldhavebeenlearnedaboutthelivesofearlyAmericanslaves,archaeologicalresearchatthe
AfricanBurialGroundinNewYorkCitywasneverallowedtotakeplace;theCityhonoredthewishesof
descendantcommunitiesbyimmediatelyrepatriatingandreburyingtheremainspriortoanalysis.​
a.True
b.False
38.There-examinationoftheBattleoftheLittleBigHorndocumentedthat,aswascommonlybelievedbyAmerican
settlersatthetime,Custerandhismenhadindeedfoughtcalmlyandinacontrolledmanner,well-disciplinedtothe
end.​
a.True
b.False
39.Whatishistoricalarchaeology?Howdidhistoricalarchaeologydevelop?Whatquestionsweretheearliest
historicalarchaeologistsinterestedinanswering?​
40.Howhavetheresearchinterestsofhistoricalarchaeologistschangedthroughtime?Ishistoricalarchaeologystill
justa“handmaidentohistory”?​
41.Whatarethethreemajorthemesofresearchinhistoricalarchaeologytoday?Whatkindsofsitescouldhistoric
archaeologistsworkwithtoaddresstheseresearchquestions?Provideexamplesfromthetext.​
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42.Whyarepostprocessualinterestsandconcernssuchasthesymbolicmeaningofmaterialremainsoftenapparentin
historicalarchaeologicalresearch?​
43.Howweretheresearchgoalsofearlyplantationslavearchaeologydifferentfromtheresearchgoalsoftheslave
archaeologybeginninginthe1960s?Whatcanexplainthesedifferences?​
44.HowwastheAfricanBurialGroundsiteinNewYorkCitydiscovered?Whatwerebioarchaeologistsabletolearn
aboutthelivesoftheslavesthatwereburiedthere?Whydidthediscoveryofthisburialgroundcomeasashock
tomanyAmericans?​
45.Howcanincorporatingthefeedbackofculturallyaffiliatedordescendantcommunitiesintoarchaeologicalresearch
designsresultinbetterandmoremeaningfulresearchprojects?​
46.HowhastheromanticimageoftheBattleoftheLittleBighornchangedthroughtime?Whatrolehashistorical
archaeologyplayedinthischangingperception?​
47.WhatdifferencesinmaterialcultureexistbetweenthoseearlyBritishcolonistsinNewEnglandwithamedieval
mind-setandthosewithaGeorgianworldview?HowhasDeetzarguedthatthesedifferencesinmaterialculture
reflectdifferencesbetweentheidealsofthesetwoworldviews?​
48.HowhasLeoneinterpretedtheformallandscapesandgardensof18thcenturyAnnapolis?Howhasheused
historicalarchaeologyandcriticaltheorytoillustratetheoriginsofmodernexploitativesocialrelationsinhistoric
Annapolis?​

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