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1. The “no-frills” approach most likely resembles what correctional ideology?
a.
Restitution
b.
Rehabilitation
c.
Deterrence
d.
Work release
2. A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentence
a.
Jail
b.
Prison
c.
Boot camp
d.
House arrest
3. The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time as a punishment became norm in corrections
during which century?
a.
Seventeenth
b.
Eighteenth
c.
Nineteenth
d.
Twentieth
4. The first American jail was built in which city in the early seventeenth century?
a.
James City
b.
New York
c.
Boston
d.
Pittsburgh
5. The modern American correctional system is credited to whose work in Pennsylvania?
a.
James Q. Wilson
b.
William Penn
c.
Zebulon Brockway
d.
King Henry III
6. One of the William Penn’s most noteworthy additions to the correction system was:
a.
Increased sanitary conditions.
b.
Removal of torture and public punishments.
c.
The creation of the watchtower in American jails.
d.
Hiring female correctional officers in an attempt to create normalcy in the prison environment.
7. The birthplace of the modern prison system and the Pennsylvania system of confinement was at:
a.
Pittsburgh City Jail.
b.
Quaker Village Penitentiary.
c.
Walnut Street Jail.
d.
Philadelphia House.
8. Which of the following is not a style of the Pennsylvania System of corrections?
a.
Single cells in a semicircle
b.
Bible study
c.
Congregate model
d.
Silence
9. Of the prison systems discussed in Chapter 13, which method eventually won out as the model used in the United
States?
a.
Auburn
b.
Pennsylvania
c.
Philadelphia
d.
Quaker
10. The first step toward prison reform began in Cincinnati in 1870 at the:
a.
National Prison Reform Council
b.
Cincinnati Prison Reform Doctrine
c.
National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline
d.
Federal Penitentiary Reform Regulatory Council
11. Zebulon Brockway is most known for being the warden of which institution, which advocated indeterminate
sentencing and treatment?
a.
Primanti Rehabilitation Prison
b.
Elmira Reformatory
c.
Walnut Street Jail
d.
Madison Prison Medical Facility
12. What significant event in history made it mandatory to limit the amount of prison-made goods allowed for sale in the
late 1920s and early 1930s?
a.
World War I
b.
The Appointment of J. Edgar Hoover to the FBI
c.
The Great Depression
d.
The lumber shortage of 1928
13. What act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use?
a.
The Jackson–Joseph Act
b.
The Great Depression Act
c.
The Ashurst–Sumners Act
d.
The Property of Service Act
14. After the 1770s, which country became the destination for “transported” English prisoners?
a.
United States
b.
Germany
c.
Australia
d.
Haiti
15. With which of the following is Alexander Maconochie not associated?
a.
Ticket-of-leave
b.
English Penal Servitude Act
c.
Condemnation of transportation
d.
Creation of modern-day probation
16. The mark system is attributed to which Irish prison reformer?
a.
Lawrence Driscoll
b.
Michael McColgan
c.
Orla O’Hara
d.
Walter Crofton
17. The supervision of selected offenders from rehabilitation-style facilities in the 1870s was handled by individuals
known as:
a.
Guardians.
b.
Wardens.
c.
Gate-keepers.
d.
Custodians.
18. Which state created the first parole agency in 1884?
a.
Ohio
b.
West Virginia
c.
Illinois
d.
Virginia
19. Which type of new-generation jail contains a cluster of cells surrounding a living area or pod with a officers station
located within this pod?
a.
Direct-supervision jails
b.
Explicit-supervision jails
c.
Ancillary-supervision jails
d.
Indirect-supervision jails
20. Which type of correctional institution houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and
limited contact with the outside world?
a.
Enhanced super-maximum-security prisons
b.
Maximum-security prisons
c.
Minimum-security prisons
d.
Medium-security prisons
21. Which type of prison is a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for
contact with the outside world?
a.
Minimum-security
b.
Medium-security
c.
Maximum-security
d.
Super-maximum-security
22. Which type of community-based correctional facility houses inmates before their outright release so they can become
gradually acclimated to conventional society?
a.
Community treatment facility
b.
Halfway house
c.
Boot camp
d.
Placement house
23. The first private prison was opened in 1986 in which state?
a.
Tennessee
b.
New Mexico
c.
Ohio
d.
Kentucky
24. Which of the following is an attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in society rather than in
a secure facility?
a.
Shock incarceration
b.
Community reformatory model
c.
Community treatment
d.
Societal acclimation
25. Which of the following is not true about inmate populations?
a.
African Americans are six times as likely as whites to be held in custody
b.
Hispanics are two times as likely as whites to be held in custody
c.
Juvenile populations are on the rise for the first time since 1994; they now make up 29% of the total prison
population.
d.
Women still make up less than 10% of the prison population.
26. Under which of the following systems did officials sell the labor of inmates to private organizations for use inside or
outside the prison?
a.
Convict-lease
b.
Public account
c.
Contract
d.
Auburn
27. Under which of the following systems did private businesses lease prisoner labor for an annual fee and assume
supervision responsibilities?
a.
Convict-lease
b.
Public account
c.
Contract
d.
Auburn
28. Under which of the following systems was prisoner employment controlled by the state and goods manufactured by
the prisoners sold to benefit the state?
a.
Convict-lease
b.
Public account
c.
Contract
d.
Auburn
29. Which of the following was not an innovation advocated by Zebulon Brockway?
a.
Indeterminate sentencing
b.
Parole
c.
Corporal punishment
d.
Individual treatment
30. Which of the following is not a purpose of jails?
a.
Detain accused offenders awaiting trial who cannot afford bail
b.
Temporary holding of convicted offenders awaiting sentencing
c.
Long-term incarceration of violent offenders
d.
Holding of probationers and parolees picked up for violations
31. A first-time white-collar offender would most likely be sentenced to which type of prison?
a.
Super-maximum-security
b.
Maximum-security
c.
Medium-security
d.
Minimum-security
CASE 13.1
A man is arrested for a violent crime. The date is November 11, 1822. Given this information, answer the
following questions.
32. The inmate was housed in a correctional environment that mandated Bible study and in-cell work. He is most likely
housed in the:
a.
Pennsylvania system.
b.
Auburn system.
c.
New York system.
d.
Alabama system.
33. If the man were housed in a penitentiary in which silence and harsh punishments were the norm, he would most likely
be housed in:
a.
Pennsylvania system.
b.
Auburn system.
c.
Either the Pennsylvania system or the Auburn system.
d.
Neither the Pennsylvania nor the Auburn systems, as they did not condone harsh treatments.
CASE 13.2
Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother,
James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the
second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason,
the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given
this information, answer the following questions.
34. Jason would most likely serve his time in a:
a.
Minimum-security prison.
b.
Medium-security prison.
c.
Maximum-security prison.
d.
Super-maximum-security prison.
35. John would most likely serve his time in a:
a.
Minimum-security prison.
b.
Medium-security prison.
c.
Maximum-security prison.
d.
Super-maximum-security prison.
36. James would most likely serve his time in a:
a.
Minimum-security prison.
b.
Medium-security prison.
c.
Maximum-security prison.
d.
Super-maximum-security prison.
37. Given what we know about their crimes, which of the brothers will be most likely to have educational opportunities in
his facilities?
a.
James only
b.
John only
c.
Jason and John only
d.
All three brothers have educational opportunities as part of the prison experience
CASE 13.3
Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is
Robert’s first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information,
answer the following questions.
38. Robert most likely would be a good candidate for the __________________ model, which attempts to maintain
convicted offenders within society instead of a secure facility.
a.
Community treatment
b.
Neighborhood watch
c.
Unrestricted evaluation
d.
Boot camp
39. The most widely used model of treatment within society is the _________________, which houses inmates before
their outright discharge from the system to allow each to adjust to society.
a.
Samaritan house
b.
Halfway house
c.
Reformatory dormitory
d.
Correctional placement house
40. If this same offense occurred during the late 1800s in association with Brockway’s reformatory style of prison, the
inmates would have been released to the custody of individuals known as _______________.
a.
Gate-keepers
b.
Guardians
c.
Watchmen
d.
Free masons
41. The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time has been the norm since the fourteenth
century.
a.
True
b.
False
42. English prisons were once so overpopulated that abandoned ships were used as prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
43. In 1827, the Western State Penitentiary was built using a semicircle formation most known in the Pennsylvania system
prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The Pennsylvania system eventually won out over the Auburn system of penitentiaries.
a.
True
b.
False
45. During the Civil War era, prisons were major manufacturers of clothes, shoes, boots, and furniture.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Zebulon Brockway is most known for his work at the Elmira Reformatory.
a.
True
b.
False
47. By the end of the 1930s, few prisons required inmates to wear the infamous striped suits and the code of silence
ended.
a.
True
b.
False
48. During the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions on prison-made goods had little or no effect on the manufacturing and
distribution of these products.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Large numbers of English prisoners were transported to Australia following the American Revolution.
a.
True
b.
False
50. Alexander Maconochie is most known for his work with prison reform in the area of transportation of inmates from
England.
a.
True
b.
False
51. As early as 1715, the idea of parole had spread to the Virginia Colonies and was the most widely used correctional
sentence.
a.
True
b.
False
52. The medical model was still widely used from 1960 to 1980 in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
53. The decline in the jail population reflects both a declining U.S. crime rate and greater reliance on alternatives to
incarceration.
a.
True
b.
False
54. At one time, thousands of minor children were housed in jails as runaways, truants, and criminals.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Some super-max–style prisons lock inmates in their cells for twenty-two to twenty-four hours a day.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Minimum-security prisons have been criticized for being like country clubs, some with tennis courts and pools, and
have received the nickname “club fed.”
a.
True
b.
False
57. Research has found a correlation between increases in the prison population and decreases in the crime rate.
a.
True
b.
False
58. Once released from prison, the majority of offenders do not recidivate.
a.
True
b.
False
59. By 1927, only three U.S. states did not have some kind of parole option.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Since the 1980s, the correctional system has been largely focused on crime control as opposed to rehabilitation.
a.
True
b.
False
61. In terms of jail, the current rate of incarceration is about 500 inmates for every 100,000 U.S. citizens.
a.
True
b.
False
62. Over the past two decades, the number of female jail inmates has been increasing at a faster rate than that of male
inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Jail conditions vary greatly across counties, as there are currently no unified national policies dictating the terms under
which jails must be run.
a.
True
b.
False
64. Today, convicted criminals are receiving longer sentences than they would have received five years ago.
a.
True
b.
False
65. A _____________________ is a correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving
their criminal sentences.
66. A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence is called a
______________________.
67. __________________________ was a key originator of the American correctional system in Pennsylvania in the
seventeenth century.
68. The birthplace of the modern prison system and of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement was at a dwelling
named the ____________________.
69. Under the Pennsylvania system, prison quarters that contained solitary or separate cells were called
___________________.
70. A type of prison in which cells are located along corridors in the multiple layers or levels was called the
___________________.
71. The ______________________ Act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison
for private use.
72. The use of modern designs to improve effectiveness in jails has led to the creation of _________________ jails.
73. _________________-supervision jails use a cluster of cells and a pod system, but the correctional officer’s station is
located inside a secure room.
74. Corrections Corporation of America is known as one of the largest _______________ industries in the United States.
75. A short-term, militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline
is called a ______________________.
76. About 80% of the U.S. noncriminal population have their high school diploma, as compared with only
_________________ percent of the correctional population.
77. Overcrowding of English prisons forced inmates onto floating barges, called _______________
78. The __________________ system developed in the nineteenth century was based on the concepts of total isolation
and individual penitence.
79. The __________________ system was a congregate-style system developed in the nineteenth century in New York
and was based on the concepts of group work during the day and separation at night.
80. The __________________ model views inmates as victims of their environment and in need of care and treatment to
reform them into productive members of society.
81. New-generation jails offer both _____________ and __________________ supervision.
82. There are four levels of classification for prisons: minimum, medium, maximum, and _______________ security.
83. ____________________ incarceration refers to short stints in boot-camp–like programs in which inmates undergo
intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
84. Discuss the early history of corrections in England and how this helped shape the American correctional system
currently in place today.
85. What were the primary methods of labor with prison inmates, and what eventually decimated the prison industry in the
mid-1900s?
86. Who were the key players with prison reform in the 1800s,and what were some of the key events that helped reform
prisons?
87. Explain the three trends listed in the text that have shaped contemporary correctional institutions from 1960 to the
present.
88. Explain jail population trends in the United States. In your discussion, include the current state of jail conditions and
how male and female inmates are affected differently.
89. Explain what is meant by “new-generation jails.”
90. Compare and contrast the primary alternative correctional institutions discussed in the text.
91. Discuss the population trends associated with prisons, and provide two examples from the chapter about how states
have been dealing with overpopulation.
92. Compare and contrast the two primary views on corrections (e.g., that jails and prisons are therapeutic environments
for treating offenders and that they segregate offenders from society as well as deter potential offenders).
93. Compare and contrast traditional jails with new-generation jail designs.
94. Explain some of the difficulties in running a super-maximum-security prison.
95. Explain the benefits of private prisons.
