Multiple Choice
1. An appropriate learning medium for students with visual impairments is determined by
A) The availability of resources
B) The expertise of educational professionals
C) The student’s type or degree of impairment
D) State legislative mandates
2. A student’s field loss is related to the
A) Ability to perceive details
B) Ability to see materials presented closely
C) Amount of vision in quadrant regions
D) Ability to discriminate color
3. Which visual acuity is considered to be legally blind?
A) 20/200 or less in the better eye with correction
B) 20/200 or more in the worse eye with correction
C) 20/200 or less in the better eye without correction
D) 20/100 or less in either eye with correction
4. Which is considered a difference between individuals labeled as being functionally blind
and blind?
A) The use of light perception
B) The need for orientation and mobility training
C) The use of low vision to gain information from the environment
D) The use of Braille
5. Learning to hold a cereal box within one’s field of vision to read the price would an
example of using
A) Residual vision
B) Field vision
C) Reduction strategies
D) Magnification
6.It is estimated that _____% of school-age children in the United States experience a vision
loss significant enough to require specialized support.
A) 1.5
B) 1.8
C) 2.4
D) 3.2
7. Light enters the eye first through the
A) Retina
B) Iris
C) Cornea
D) Macula
8. The sclera refers to the
A) Inner layer of the eye
B) Colorless mass that fills the eyeball
C) White part of the eye
D) Transparent disc behind the pupil
9. Someone for whom sunlight may cause discomfort may have
A) Optic atrophy
B) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
C) Myopia
D) Ocular albinism
10. Braille was first developed as a means to
A) Record Morse code communications
B) Write social communications to peers
C) Teach academics to school children with vision loss
D) Catalog books in early institutions for the blind
11. Early residential schools for the blind in the United States were proposed by
A) Louis Braille
B) Samuel Gridley Howe
C) Carl Perkins
D) Diderot
12. What percentage of students with disabilities do students with visual impairments
account for?
A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 2%
D) 0.4%
13. In the eye, color is defined in the
A) Rod cells
B) Cone cells
C) Macula
D) Vitreous body
14. Which is not considered a typical characteristic of individuals with visual impairments?
A) Unusual head or eye movements
B) Poor grades
C) Cognitive disability
D) Frequent headaches
15. Socially appropriate behaviors must be taught to persons with visual impairments
because they
A) May not be able to observe those behaviors in others
B) Often have cognitive disabilities
C) Are frustrated with their visual impairment
D) May not be aware of differences between themselves and their peers
16. One of the behavior characteristics in vision function problems is
A) Frequent eye pain
B) Delay in the development of speech
C) Increased interaction with peers
D) Decrease in spontaneous verbal comments
17. For individuals with visual impairments, vocational training should begin
A) During the transition from school to employment settings
B) During the transition to high school
C) At age 16
D) In preschool
18. Which is not a part of a low-vision plan?
A) Annual fiscal budget for assistive technology
B) Prescription for low-vision devices
C) Technology devices
D) Referrals to community agencies
19. Why should Braille be addressed in the IEP?
A) To make sure that parents consent to its use
B) To ensure that schools will have to pay for print materials
C) To ensure ongoing consideration as a reading medium
D) To demonstrate to teachers how Braille can be used
20. Which would likely not be a test accommodation for a student with a visual impairment?
A) Braille
B) Oral reading of the text to the student
C) Large print
D) Paraphrasing of testing materials
21. Where are most students with visual impairment likely to be served?
A) Among typically developing peers
B) Among peers with visual impairments
C) In specialized school for students with visual impairments
D) In smaller settings among students with various disabilities
22. Additional skills required by students with visual impairments are incorporated in the
A) Advanced core curriculum
B) Functional curriculum
C) Expanded core curriculum
D) Adapted skills paradigm
23. Prior to age 3, services for children with visual impairments are provided according to the
A) IEP
B) Low-vision plan
C) IFSP
D) IDEA
24. At what age should a child be enrolled in classes for children with visual impairments?
A) 2 years
B) 3 years
C) 5 years
D) 6 years
25. Which of the following is most critical to the quality of literacy experiences for students
with visual impairments?
A) Access to technology
B) Access to special classes
C) Access to general education peers
D) Access to the most recent books
26. Which type of Braille is used in many elevators?
A) Nemeth code
B) Grade 1
C) Grade 2
D) Grade 3
27. Who conducts the functional vision evaluation?
A) A vision specialist
B) A physician
C) An orientation and mobility specialist
D) An educational team
28. The IEP team is responsible for determining
A) A student’s access to community services
B) Accommodations for statewide assessments
C) A student’s level of visual acuity
D) A student’s visual field
29. Orientation and mobility training is required to
A) Teach independent travel
B) Increase one’s knowledge of visual impairments
C) Acquire academic skills
D) Use computer technology
30. Which is not a critical function of parent support groups?
A) Serve as a resource for educators
B) Outreach to other parents
C) Serve as a resource for legislators
D) Developing individualized education plans
31. All of the following describe types of vision impairments recognized by IDEA except
A) Snellen chart reduction
B) Reduction in visual acuity
C) Field loss
D) Restriction to the visual field
32. What is the disorder in which one or more surfaces of the cornea are shaped like a
football?
A) Cataracts
B) Albinism
C) Astigmatism
D) Nearsightedness
33. The middle layer of the eyeball containing veins and arteries best describes which part of
the eye?
A) Conjunctiva
B) Cochlea
C) Cornea
D) Choroid
34. In which year was the first residential school for the blind opened in the United States?
A) 1784
B) 1831
C) 1829
D) 1832
35. Visual efficiency refers to which of the following?
A) How to prevent additional sight loss
B) Training of the use of residual vision
C) Budgeting resources, appropriately, for the visually impaired
D) None of the above
36. All of the following are cited in the text as potential hazards to eye health except
A) Misuse of toys
B) Falls involving furniture
C) Hazardous household materials
D) Watching too much television
37. The visual acuity test most often used is called
A) Snellen chart
B) Stalin chart
C) Visual IQ test
D) Visual efficiency exam
38. What is the difference between Grade 1 and Grade 2 Braille?
A) Grade 1 Braille uses a letter-to-letter correspondence
B) Grade 2 Braille uses a letter-to-letter correspondence
C) Grade 1 Braille uses shorthand
D) Grade 2 is used when a child has residual vision, as it contains pictures
39. Which of the following is not part of “orientation and mobility”?
A) Where you are
B) Where you are going
C) Where you have been
D) How to get there
40. All of the following are examples of age-appropriate cognitive skills that need to be
integrated for and taught to young children with visual impairments except
A) Musical skills development
B) Fine motor skills development
C) Gross motor skills development
D) Receptive language development
41. All of the following are examples of adaptive software listed in the text except
A) Screen enlargement software
B) Screen readers
C) Speech recognition
D) Braille input devices
42. A Snellen chart is used to make the determination that someone is _____________.
A) Colorblind
B) Legally blind
C) Has a field loss
D) Able to use Braille
43. ______________________ created the first school for children with vision loss.
A) Denis Diderot
B) Valentin Haüy
C) Nicholas Saunderson
D) Helen Keller
44. Training of _________________may require that students learn to use spectacles,
magnifiers, and other assistive devices.
A) Visual efficiency
B) Visual acuity
C) Braille
D) Mobility
45. Braille symbols consist of _______ possible dots arranged in two columns.
A) Four
B) Six
C) Eight
D) Ten
46. __________________ are lenses that become opaque or cloudy.
A) Retinas
B) Cataracts
C) Maculas
D) Corneas
47. What percentage of school-age children in the United States experience vision
impairment significant enough to require specialized support in their educational
program?
A) 1%
B) 2.4%
C) 5.2%
D) 6%
48. ________ was an early champion of the visually impaired who believed that persons who
were blind could lead normal lives.
A) Diderot
B) Haüy
C) Paradis
D) Saunderson
49. The U.S. Department of Education reported that approximately ____ children ages 6 to
21 received services in the 2011–2012 school year because of a vision impairment.
A) 3,400
B) 15,000
C) 20,000
D) 25,700
50. An electronic Braille embosser that translates text from a Braille keyboard to a printer:
A) Trekker
B) Perkins Brailler
C) Mountbatten Brailler
D) Duxbury Braille Translator
51. A hereditary condition involving gradual degeneration of the retina is
A) Retinitis pigmentosa
B) Cataracts
C) Glaucoma
D) Macular degeneration
52. The colored, circular part of the eye in front of the lens that controls the size of the pupil
is the _____.
A) Cornea
B) Iris
C) Lens
D) Vitreous humor
53. _____ is a colorless mass of soft, gelatin-like material that fills the eyeball behind the
lens.
A) Cornea
B) Iris
C) Lens
D) Vitreous humor
54. Educational assessments may be modified for accessibility in all but the following ways:
A) With larger print
B) Braille
C) Oral presentation
D) Video presentation