1. Which of the following is true of the child-saving movement?
a. Child savers were interested only in the welfare of abused and neglected children
b. Child savers believed in treatment, not punishment
c. Child savers disputed the concept of parens patriae
d. Child savers advocated the incarceration of dangerous juveniles in adult facilities
2. The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act in .
a. 1825 b. 1899
c. 1911 d. 1930
3. A juvenile who has been found to have engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain
statutorily determined age is referred to as a .
a. juvenile delinquent b. status offender
c. troubled minor d. wayward youth
4. Which of the following is NOT considered a status offense?
a. running away from home b. truancy
c. smoking cigarettes d. drinking and driving
5. Which was the first court case to extend due process rights to children?
a. Breed v. Jones b. In re Gault
c. Kent v. United States d. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
6. In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the Fifth Amendment’s double jeopardy clause prevents a juvenile
from being tried in adult court for a crime that has already been adjudicated in a juvenile court?
a. Breed v. Jones b. In re Gault
c. Kent v. United States d. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
7. In In re Winship, the Supreme Court required the government to prove that a juvenile had committed an act
of delinquency.
a. beyond a reasonable doubt
b. with clear and convincing evidence
c. by a preponderance of the evidence
d. by probable cause
8. The ruling in ____________ (1970)8 required the government to prove “beyond a reasonable doubt” that a juvenile
had committed an act of delinquency, raising the burden of proof from a “preponderance of the evidence.”
a. In re Gault
b. Kent v. United States
c. In re Winship
d. Breed v. Jones
9. In , the U.S. Supreme Court forbade the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when they
committed their crimes.
a. New Jersey v. T.L.O b. Fare v. Michael C.
c. Roper v. Simmons d. In re Gault
10. In ________________ (2010), the Court held that juveniles who commit crimes that do not involve murder may
not be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
a. Kent v. United States
b. Graham v. Florida
c. In re Winship
d. Roper v. Simmons
11. Though overall rates of juvenile offending have been dropping, the one particular group of juveniles that has become
more involved in the juvenile justice system than ever before is that of:
a. girls. b. Hispanic males.
c. Caucasian males. d. Asian males.
12. A particular problem area for girls appears to be the crime of:
a. assault. b. burglary.
c. murder. d. robbery.
13. Which crime is most often committed by juveniles?
a. robbery
b. weapons crimes
c. property crimes
d. assault
14. The “chronic six percent” are responsible for of all crimes and two thirds of all violent crimes.
a. one quarter
b. one third
c. half
d. three quarters
15. By definition, is a term used to explain the fact that criminal activity declines with age.
a. age of conformity b. age of delinquency
c. age of onset d. aging out
16. Drug use has been shown to be a strong risk factor for which category of juveniles?
a. African Americans b. females
c. males d. Whites
17. The infliction of physical or emotional damage on a child without any plausible explanation, such as an accident, is
referred to as:
a. child abuse. b. child endangerment.
c. child maltreatment. d. child mistreatment.
18. What form of child abuse occurs when the child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love?
a. emotional abuse b. child neglect
c. mental abuse d. physical abuse
19. A youth gang is viewed as a group of or more persons who self-identify themselves as an entity separate
from the community by special clothing, vocabulary, hand signals, and name, and engage in criminal activity.
a. one b. two
c. three d. four
20. The average gang member is years old.
a. 17–18 b. 14–15
c. 19–20 d. 21–22
21. A juvenile’s first contact with the juvenile justice system usually comes through a:
a. juvenile court judge. b. juvenile probation officer.
c. juvenile residential specialist. d. police officer.
22. Which philosophy allows a police officer to detain a juvenile for his or her own protection, such as when the officer
detects a dangerous situation involving family or peers?
a. child–saving b. culpability protecting
c. in loco parentis d. parens patriae
23. The is a document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent or a status offender and
asking the court to either hear the case or transfer it to an adult court.
a. complaint b. diversion document
c. intake sheet d. petition
24. The process in which the juvenile judge, based on the facts of the case at hand, decides that the alleged offender
should be transferred to adult court is a(n):
a. automatic transfer. b. judicial waiver.
c. legislative waiver. d. prosecutorial waiver.
25. A(n) is a procedure in which juvenile court judges have the discretion to transfer a juvenile case to adult court
when certain predetermined conditions regarding the seriousness of the offense and the age of the offender are met.
a. automatic transfer
b. judicial waiver
c. legislative waiver
d. prosecutorial waiver
26. Which landmark case resulted in a ruling that youths can be detained if they are deemed a “risk” to the safety of
the community or to their own welfare?
a. In re Gault b. In re Winship
c. Roper v. Simmons d. Schall v. Martin
27. The first stage of juvenile pretrial procedures is:
a. intake. b. diversion.
c. waiver. d. detention.
28. A(n) hearing is the process through which a juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to
support the initial petition.
a. adjudicatory b. discretionary
c. disposition d. diversionary
29. Similar to the sentencing hearing for adults, a(n) hearing is when the juvenile judge decides the appropriate
punishment for a youth found to be delinquent or a status offender.
a. adjudicatory b. discretionary
c. disposition d. diversionary
30. A(n) is prepared during the disposition process that provides the judge with relevant background material to
aid in the disposition decision.
a. adjudication b. petition
c. presentence investigation d. predisposition report
31. What is a difference between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?
a. Juvenile proceedings must be public.
b. Information must be released to the press in the juvenile system.
c. There is no death penalty for juveniles.
d. The purpose of the juvenile court is punishment.
32. What is a similarity between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?
a. the right to a jury trial
b. hearings must be open to the public
c. proof beyond a reasonable doubt is needed
d. dependents are required to testify
33. In , the juvenile lives with a couple who act as surrogate parents.
a. family group homes b. foster care programs
c. group homes d. rural programs
34. What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?
a. boot camp b. juvenile detention
c. probation d. residential treatment centers
35. Which type of residential treatment program generally houses between 12 and 15 youths and provides treatment,
counseling, and educational services by a professional staff?
a. family group homes b. foster care programs
c. group homes d. rural programs
36. In which community-based rehabilitation program is a juvenile returned to the community, but placed under
supervision with conditions specified through the juvenile justice system?
a. boot camp b. probation
c. restitution d. treatment program
37. Wilderness camps, farms, and ranches where between 30 and 50 children are placed in an environment that
provides recreational activities and treatment programs are referred to as:
a. family group homes. b. foster care programs.
c. group homes. d. rural programs.
38. Correctional institutions that are the most restrictive for juveniles found to be delinquent or status offenders are
called:
a. family group homes. b. group homes.
c. rural programs. d. training schools.
39. are similar in many aspects to adult prisons and jails, but differ from them in their efforts to treat and
rehabilitate young offenders.
a. Family group homes b. Group homes
c. Training schools d. Rural programs
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is
also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics.
They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
40. In the city that Donovan lives, the curfew for all juveniles 17 and under is 11 p.m. The only juveniles that are
excused from this curfew are those that are returning from work. Donovan does not have a job. Violating curfew is
considered a(n):
a. crime.
b. delinquent act.
c. misdemeanor.
d. status offense.
41. The next time police are at Donovan’s home they are there to question him about a robbery that was committed.
After speaking briefly with Donovan, they place him under arrest. What is the first stage of the pretrial juvenile
justice process that Donovan will go through after he is referred to juvenile court?
a. intake
b. pretrial diversion
c. transfer to adult court
d. detention
42. Donovan finally returned home around 3 a.m. The police happen to be there when Donovan returns. The officers
ask Donovan where he was and who he was with. Donovan tells the police that he was hanging out with his friends
outside the bowling alley. The police recognize some of the names that Donovan gives. When Donovan goes to his
room, the police tell Donovan’s parents that the kids Donovan is associating with are frequently getting into trouble
and are known members of a gang. Donovan’s parents ask the police why their son would want to be in a gang.
Which of the following reasons would police most likely give to Donovan’s parents?
a. Donovan is feeling alienated from his family.
b. Donovan wants to improve his status in the community.
c. Donovan feels he needs to be in a gang because he lives in a high-crime neighborhood.
d. All of these.
43. Which case entitles Donovan to the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges,
the right to counsel, and the privilege against self–incrimination?
a. Kent v. United States
b. In re Gault
c. In re Winship
d. Breed v. Jones
44. The judge in Donovan’s case decides to place him in the temporary custody of a secure facility before the
adjudicatory process begins. This placement is referred to as:
a. intake.
b. pretrial diversion.
c. transfer to adult court.
d. detention.
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law.
He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by
throwing a book at the bully’s head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the
ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred
to the adult criminal court system.
45. If Jacob is facing these charges in a state that automatically transfers all juveniles who are suspected of
murder/manslaughter to adult court the state utilizes:
a. judicial waivers.
b. prosecutorial waivers.
c. legislative waivers.
d. state waivers.
46. In which way would Jacob’s experience be different if his case is transferred to the adult system?
a. Jacob would have to be Mirandized only in the adult system.
b. Jacob’s defense attorney would play a different role in the adult system.
c. Jacob would only have the right to a hearing in the adult system.
d. Jacob’s court proceedings would be open to the public in the adult system.
47. Jacob’s case ends up remaining in the juvenile court system. The judge adjudicates Jacob delinquent for the offense
of manslaughter. The next step is for the judge to decide the appropriate punishment for Jacob. This stage is known
as the:
a. adjudicatory hearing.
b. disposition hearing.
c. predisposition hearing.
d. transfer hearing.
48. Jacob’s attorneys make the argument that this is his first offense and the judge should consider the circumstances
of the crime in deciding his punishment. They request that Jacob receive the most common form of juvenile
corrections. What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?
a. boot camp
b. group home
c. probation
d. training School
49. The judge in the case decides to send Jacob to a secure facility because of the severity of the charges. After 8
months, Jacob is released early because of good behavior but as part of his sentence he will serve the remainder of
his sentence in a wilderness camp where he will receive additional treatment. Which residential treatment program
would this wilderness camp be part of?
a. foster care program
b. group home
c. family group home
d. rural programs
50. The child savers believed that juvenile offenders required treatment, not punishment.
a. True
b. False
51. The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the New York Juvenile Court Act in 1899.
a. True
b. False
52. The juvenile justice system uses the same terminology as found in the adult criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
53. Juvenile records are kept sealed but court proceedings are open to the public.
a. True
b. False