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1. Modern probation was invented in the United States at the start of the twentieth century.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Today the US corrections system serves as a progressive model for the world’s systems of punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Currently more African American men are imprisoned than are attending colleges and universities.
a.
True
b.
False
4. One of the positives of the US correctional system is that it has a clearly stated mission.
a.
True
b.
False
5. An example of a failed correctional method is group treatment.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The way in which changes in crime rates affect the correctional system is straightforward and comprehensible.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Although salaries vary widely from state to state, correctional employees often earn more than workers in comparable
positions elsewhere.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The formal problem of structure in corrections is one of interdependence and coordination.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Correctional leadership will always be solely about a vision of the future.
a.
True
b.
False
10. In the United States there is a tremendous shortage of crime-prevention or crime-control strategies that work.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Foretelling the future in corrections is not easy.
a.
True
b.
False
12. In looking at evidence in corrections, we want to look at what works.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Risk-assessment methods have low rates of failure.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The emergence of corrections as a profession has had two important consequences for corrections; the field is smarter
and performance meets a higher standard.
a.
True
b.
False
15. According to the text, the US correctional system has become less harsh than other systems of corrections in free
societies.
a.
True
b.
False
16. If a panel of experts were asked to characterize the US correctional system, they would likely say little about new
policies, programs, or other innovations. Instead, they would say that what sets the US corrections system apart from all
others is that it is so _________.
a.
progressive
b.
massive
c.
retributive
d.
rehabilitative
17. More than one in three African American men in their ______ are currently under some form of correctional control.
a.
late teens
b.
twenties
c.
thirties
d.
forties
18. The population of drug offenders in US prisons has increased by over ________ percent since 1980.
a.
300
b.
400
c.
500
d.
700
19. According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the five major dilemmas facing the US correctional
system?
a.
treatment
b.
costs
c.
mission
d.
methods
20. The US correctional system is not in a position to influence its own fate significantly. Much of this inability has to do
with its overall______________.
a.
purpose
b.
function
c.
structure
d.
philosophy
21. According to your authors, the main resource of the correctional system is _________________.
a.
technology
b.
personnel
c.
time
d.
money
22. The initial recruitment problem when attempting to hire correctional staff stems from _________________.
a.
the element of danger
b.
low starting salaries
c.
poor health benefits
d.
no retirement plans
23. Attracting, motivating, and __________outstanding personnel is key to an effective correctional system.
a.
promoting
b.
recognizing
c.
rewarding
d.
retaining
24. Excluding the actual financing costs, the cost of building a prison today now exceeds roughly ______________ per
cell.
a.
$50,000
b.
$100,000
c.
$125,000
d.
$150,000
25. The crime rate today is _________ it was in 1973, the year prison populations first began to grow.
a.
nearly the same as
b.
50 percent greater than
c.
half as high as
d.
twice as high as
26. State correctional budgets have ___________ in the past decade.
a.
more than doubled
b.
decreased by half
c.
remained predominately unchanged
d.
more than quadrupled
27. According to your authors, the field of corrections will continue to worsen without _________________.
a.
tougher punishments
b.
more administration
c.
new prisons
d.
effective leadership
28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three most frequently cited pressures that have left the correctional system
in its current unstable form?
a.
political
b.
moral
c.
economic
d.
social
29. ____________ evidence-based initiatives are programs that identify the key risk factors for offending and implement
prevention methods in an attempt to counteract offenses before they occur.
a.
Offense-focused
b.
Risk-focused
c.
Offender-focused
d.
Treatment-focused
30. Comparing the 1970s with today, people who are convicted of crimes are _______ times as likely to go to prison.
a.
5
b.
4
c.
3
d.
2
31. All of the following can be considered evidence that our current correctional system has become much harsher than
other societies’ systems except _______________.
a.
the abolishment of parole in most US states
b.
men in jail made to wear pink underwear
c.
refusals of college loans because of convictions of drug crimes
d.
chain gangs cleaning roads and wearing black-striped shirts
32. The ________ has become to corrections what the FBI is to law enforcement: a strong force for professional
standards, policy and procedural improvement, and general development of the field.
a.
American Probation and Parole Association
b.
Corrections Corporation of America
c.
American Correctional Association
d.
National Institute of Corrections
33. Nearly twenty-five years ago, the ____________ created and distributed a set of national standards for correctional
practices in jails, prisons, and field services.
a.
American Probation and Parole Association
b.
Corrections Corporation of America
c.
American Correctional Association
d.
National Institute of Corrections
34. In the United States today, there are currently over _____________ million people under some form of correctional
control.
a.
1
b.
3
c.
5
d.
7
35. Which of the following is NOT one of the four substantial forces that are presumed to be able to help shape the future
of the US correctional system?
a.
techno-corrections
b.
diminishing incarceration rates
c.
professionalization
d.
evidence-based practice
36. ______________ is one of those rare ideas getting wide acceptance from many different correctional constituents:
conservatives and liberals, practitioners and researchers.
a.
Techno-corrections
b.
Diminishing incarceration rates
c.
Professionalization
d.
Evidence-based practice
37. _______________ is one of the most important external dynamics affecting the correctional system.
a.
Techno-corrections
b.
Diminishing crime rates
c.
Professionalization
d.
Evidence-based practice
38. Which of the following is NOT one of the challenges facing the future of corrections?
a.
reinvigorating a new correctional leadership
b.
rehabilitating offenders
c.
refocusing our investments in what works
d.
reclaiming the moral and ethical high road
39. The _________ costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by minority communities
that already struggle with poverty and other forms of disadvantage.
a.
physical
b.
financial
c.
social
d.
moral
40. Over the last several decades, a new national academic discipline of ___________ has grown from a fledging major
with a weak academic reputation to a nationally respected field of study.
a.
social work
b.
sociology
c.
criminal justice
d.
political science
41. The scientific method for determining what works is to conduct an evaluation known as a
a.
random field trial.
b.
planned in-house experiment.
c.
random sample survey.
d.
professional survey.
42. An example of techno-corrections is
a.
electronic monitoring.
b.
risk assessment.
c.
random field trial.
d.
bail evaluation.
43. Communicating with and motivating people who are on probation or parole is known as
a.
motivational interviewing.
b.
changing communication styles.
c.
manipulating offenders to change.
d.
role modeling prosocial behaviors.
44. According to the text, when a leader's skills fit the situation,
a.
effective leadership follows.
b.
crime is guaranteed to decline.
c.
crime is guaranteed to climb.
d.
prisons will be run more tightly.
45. According to the text, the US correctional system today is far more ____________ than it has been for a long time,
maybe forever.
a.
punitive
b.
lenient
c.
disorganized
d.
structured
Peyton is a single mother with some significant financial obligations. She has a good job in retail but has always dreamed
of becoming a probation officer. She would like to enter corrections work in an entry-level position as soon as possible.
She has a degree in criminal justice and is a strong believer that when working with correctional clients, methods that
have been proven to work must be used. She also understands that interacting with clients in a way that increases their
willingness to change behavior is important.
46. Based on the information above, what would be a good starting position for Peyton?
a.
correctional officer
b.
warden
c.
parole officer
d.
law enforcement officer
47. Why would Peyton not apply for an entry-level corrections position?
a.
It is likely to have a low starting salary.
b.
She's not a good fit to work in corrections.
c.
Females can’t work in corrections.
d.
She lacks the proper education for working in corrections.
48. Peyton's belief in using correctional practice that works fits in with
a.
evidence-based practices.
b.
techno-corrections
c.
personnel issues
d.
a strong belief in punishment for all offenders
49. Based on the scenario, it also seems as though Peyton believes in
a.
motivational interviewing.
b.
criticizing offenders for the offense they committed.
c.
setting up offenders for failure.
d.
the inability for offenders to change behavior.
Mason is a correctional administrator who works primarily with offenders getting out of prison. He is often frustrated by
the public’s desire to punish criminals but lack of willingness to pay for punishment. Mason has an assessment he uses to
help predict who may or may not reoffend. He also often requires offenders to be on electronic monitoring.
50. What part of the correctional process does Mason work in?
a.
reentry
b.
revocation
c.
prosecution
d.
investigation
51. According to the text, Mason's frustration is due to
a.
political schizophrenia.
b.
offenders’ attitudes.
c.
victims’ demands.
d.
his lack of work to do.
52. By using electronic monitoring, Mason is using
a.
techno-corrections.
b.
motivational interviewing.
c.
excessive punishment.
d.
too much control.
53. The assessment Mason uses is what type of assessment?
a.
risk assessment
b.
remorse assessment
c.
readiness assessment
d.
rehabilitation assessment
Tammy is a correctional administrator. She struggles with how to do her job because she feels the goals she is trying to
accomplish are always in conflict. Tammy also has issues retaining and motivating staff once they are employed.
54. Based on the information presented in the text, Tammy's frustration regarding the goals of her work could be due to
a.
an unclear mission.
b.
boredom.
c.
her need to micromanage.
d.
her ongoing issues in her personal life.
55. Tammy's staff retention issues would fall under what area of dilemma?
a.
personnel
b.
methods
c.
mission
d.
structure
56. __________________ have made it easier to identify where services need to be located so that clients in reentry can
access them more easily.
57. __________________ is a systematic method of interacting with clients that increases their willingness to change
their behavior.
58. Borrowed from the field of medicine, the ________________ creates an experiment in which some people are given a
treatment and an identical group is not.
59. Since 1973, the US imprisonment rate has increased from 100 people per 100,000 to almost ________ per 100,000.
60. The ________________, a division of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is a national clearinghouse of information about
correctional practices.
61. When the nation’s top penologists and social reformers met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of
_____________ that became a model for correctional systems across the globe.
62. A ___________ is a situation that forces one to choose between two or more alternatives.
63. According to your authors, a correctional leader should articulate her or his ____________________ of corrections
and establish a clear policy to guide its implementation.
64. Because correctional personnel work with ______________, its central technologies should involve interpersonal
communication and influence.
65. Corrections is not in a position to influence its own fate significantly. Much of this inability has to do with its
_____________.
66. In recent years, the concept of __________ deserts has become popular.
67. The term _____________ refers to those who are returning to the community from prison.
68. In corrections, initial recruitment problems frequently stem from ________ starting salaries.
69. Correctional performance is exceedingly __________ to assess.
70. One of the most notable aspects of corrections is that it is _______________.
71. There are many new ideas about application of ______________ in corrections.
72. As crime rates drop, the general public begins to feel _____________ alarmed by crime.
73. According to the text, opening a few new programs almost _______ results in the ability to close a prison.
74. New correctional professionals expect to have a say in the _______________ undertaken by corrections systems.
75. According to the text, corrections continues to change and _____________.
76. List and describe the five major dilemmas facing the US correctional system today. Next, explain how these dilemmas
could possibly be resolved.
77. Identify and explain the four substantial trends in corrections today. Discuss why these forces are so important to the
future of corrections in America.
78. List and explain the three major challenges for the future of corrections as identified by your authors.
79. Discuss what is meant by the following statement: “Corrections lacks a clear mission.” What role does a mission play
in corrections? How does this lack of a mission affect the system? Identify the one solution that has been offered to
address this issue.
80. Identify the two essential goals regarding corrections staff. Explain why these are important in corrections. Also
identify two reasons why each can be difficult to achieve.
