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1. The period of history when philosophers and reformers challenged the prison tradition with new ideas about the
individual, limits of government, and rationalism was called the
a. Enlightenment
b. Renaissance
c. Civil War
d. Reconstruction
2. Which of the following signaled a new round of reform in prisons by focusing on the goal of punishment as the
moral regeneration of criminals?
a. Cincinnati Declaration of Principles
b. Declaration of Independence
c. New York Declaration of Prisons
d. Pennsylvania Declaration of Penology
3. Where in the U.S were the first penitentiaries located?
a. New Jersey and Pennsylvania
b. New York and New Jersey
c. New York and Pennsylvania
d. Nevada and Pennsylvania
4. What system held prisoners in isolation at night and made them work with fellow prisoners in shops during the day?
a. Medical
b. Congregate
c. separate confinement
d. crime control
5. During the nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a principle that guided female prison reform?
a. the separation of women prisoners from men
b. the provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
c. the management of women's prisons by female staff
d. making female prisons decidedly "female institutions"
6. A model that was based on the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the
community is referred to as the
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. community corrections model
7. Which model makes greater use of incarceration, longer sentences, mandatory sentences, and strict supervision of
probationers and parolees?
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. crime control model
8. Which level(s) of government operate correctional programs?
a. Federal
b. State
c. County
d. all of the above
9. Which of the following is true in comparing federal prisoners with state prisoners?
a. federal prisoners are more often violent offenders
b. federal prisoners are convicted for the same types of crimes as state prisoners
c. federal prisoners are less likely to be foreigners
d. federal prisoners are disproportionately comprised of drug offenders
10. Which of the following best describes the organization of corrections in the United States?
a. Centralized
b. Fragmented
c. Unified
d. Nationalized
11. At the federal level, probation officers are appointed by the
a. President
b. Congress
c. federal judiciary
d. Attorney General
12. The organization of corrections in the United States leaves the primary responsibility for administering prisons with
the
a. States
b. United Nations
c. regional governing associations
d. Towns
13. In all states, the administration of prisons is part of the
a. executive branch
b. legislative branch
c. judicial branch
d. jointly run by executive and international branches
14. The central idea of the community corrections approach is the
a. most alternative restriction
b. least alternative restriction
c. average alternative restriction
d. "supermax" alternative restriction
15. State correctional facilities are classified according to the
a. size of prison population
b. level of security
c. race of the prisoners
d. geographic characteristics
16. Which of the following is TRUE about privately run prisons?
a. private prisons are regarded as more costly
b. private prisons are regarded as unreliable
c. the profit incentive can interfere with the quality of service
d. private prisons do not have to comply with the standards of federal agencies
17. Jails are administered locally by
a. private citizens who volunteer
b. appointed civil servants
c. elected officials
d. off-duty police officers
18. The primary function of jails is to
a. hold persons for less than one year
b. hold persons for more than one year
c. hold persons for more than five years
d. avoid the stigma of prison
19. What type of policy did federal courts generally maintain with respect to rights of prisoners prior to the 1960s?
a. "hands-on"-active intervention for many rights
b. "hands-off"-rarely recognize any rights for prisoners
c. intervention for freedom of speech only
d. intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only
20. For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide
protection?
a. freedom of speech
b. freedom of religion
c. right against unreasonable search and seizure
d. right against cruel and unusual punishment
21. Prisoners in this type of facility typically spend up to 23 hours per day in their cell:
a. maximum security
b. supermaximum security
c. minimum security
d. boot camps
22. Prisoners' right to due process requires that
a. they be allowed to conduct religious services
b. they be given food and medical care
c. they have access to television and recreation
d. they have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions
23. The Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied
to prisoners because of their
a. Race
b. Gender
c. Religion
d. all of the above
24. Which of the following is TRUE concerning prison rates in Europe compared to the United States?
a. Europe and the United States have similar incarceration rates
b. Europe has a higher incarceration rate
c. the United States has a higher incarceration rate
d. Europe and the United States have identical incarceration rates
25. Which of the following factors is NOT among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the
growth in the prison population?
a. tougher sentencing
b. prison construction
c. the war on drugs
d. fewer offenders being sentenced to the community
26. Which type of aliens is subject to deportation if arrested?
a. illegal immigrants
b. sentenced illegal immigrants
c. sentenced legal immigrants
d. all of the above are subject to deportation
27. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan's declaration against drugs was referred to as the
a. "Attack on Drugs"
b. "War on Drugs"
c. "Battle against Drugs"
d. "Crusade against Drugs"
28. Which of the following is true concerning crime rates and the prison population since 1991?
a. crime rates and the prison population are both declining
b. crime rates and the prison population are both increasing
c. crime rates and the prison population are both stable
d. crime rates are decreasing and the prison population is increasing
29. ____________________ is the formal government removal of an alien from the United States.
30. An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society is called a(n) ____________________.
31. Under the ____________________ system, inmates' labor was sold to private employers.
32. An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n) ____________________.
33. The ____________________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by
biological influences.
34. The ____________________ was created by Congress in 1930, and currently operates a system of prisons
located throughout the nation.
35. The correctional responsibilities of the federal government are divided between the _______ __ _______ and the
Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
36. The administration of prisons is part of the ____________________ branch of government.
37. Prisons that are managed by corporations are called ____________________ prisons
38. ____________________ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.
39. The gender of the large majority of jail inmates is ____________________.
40. Most inmates in jails are under ____________________ years of age.
41. The Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the
____________________ in the institution.
42. Under the ____________________ system, inmates benefited from continued recordings of good behavior,
which increases their grade toward release.
43. President Reagan's crusade against illegal narcotics was called the ____________________.
44. Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.
a. True
b. False
45. Prior to 1800, Americans copied Europeans by using physical punishment such as flogging.
a. True
b. False
46. The Quakers of Pennsylvania were instrumental in prison reform.
a. True
b. False
47. A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.
a. True
b. False
48. Under the New York System, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.
a. True
b. False
49. The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners.
a. True
b. False
50. Prior to the nineteenth century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.
a. True
b. False
51. The rehabilitation model of corrections involved recommendations of behavior changes from social scientists.
a. True
b. False
52. Correctional goals and methods are never influenced by social and political values.
a. True
b. False
53. The federal government provides all of the funding for American prisons.
a. True
b. False
54. All states run their prisons in an identical manner.
a. True
b. False
55. Almost one-half of the incarcerated population is comprised of women.
a. True
b. False
56. Twenty percent of incarcerated persons are men
a. True
b. False
57. Private prisons are a billion-dollar industry.
a. True
b. False
58. Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.
a. True
b. False
59. Private prisons are less flexible than state prisons.
a. True
b. False
60. There is no “realdifference”between jails and prisons.
a. True
b. False
61. Jails house persons awaiting trial, or who have been sentenced to less than one year of incarceration.
a. True
b. False
62. Jails are operated locally by elected officials.
a. True
b. False
63. Jails are typically populated with poorly educated and low-income people.
a. True
b. False
64. Jails are predominately filled with women.
a. True
b. False
65. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the number of persons incarcerated had either declined or remained
stable.
a. True
b. False
66. The states in the northeast part of the United States have shown the largest increase in prison populations.
a. True
b. False
67. One explanation for the increase in the incarceration rate in the 1990s was the increase in the number of arrests.
a. True
b. False
68. The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use.
a. True
b. False
69. What were the main criticisms of the separate confinement and congregate systems? Why did the United States
move away from these methods of incarceration?
70. Which model of corrections do you think would be most successful at reducing criminal behavior following
incarceration?
71. What challenges to female prisoners face during incarceration? How do these differ from those faced by male
prisoners?
72. Discuss two landmark cases where constitutional rights have been given to prisoners? Do you think that prisoners
have too many rights (after all, once incarcerated you lose many rights along with your freedom)?
73. Previously, prisons used to use inmates to help keep other inmates "in line". Inmates were sometimes selected to
assist guards with security prior to the Ruiz v. Estelle decision. Why do you think prisons discontinued using
inmates to provide security?
74. Discuss the Pros and cons of prison privatization.
75. How does the use of segregation impact on prisoners, especially during their initial confinements?
76. How has the use of technology made an impact for prisoners? How has it challenged guards?
77. An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect
on their past misdeeds,
repent, and reform.
a. jail
b. penitentiary
c. reformatory
d. dormitory
78. A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in
exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as agricultural, mining, logging, and
construction laborers.
a. lease system
b. contract labor system
c. congregate system
d. confinement system
79. Which of the following is not a principle of the separate confinement system?
a. Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced that
through hard and selective forms of suffering they could change their lives.
b. Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
c. Solitary confinement is expensive.
d. In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent.
80. The __________ is responsible for the punishment of federal offenders.
a. Federal Bureau of Incarceration
b. Federal Bureau of Prisons
c. Federal Bureau of Preventative Crime
d. Federal Bureau of Crime Displacement
81. ________ and high levels of violence are hallmarks of many jails.
a. murder
b. suicide
c. theft
d. gangs
82. The Bureau of Prisons enters into contractual agreements with cities to provide which of the following service?
a. halfway houses
b. prerelease programs
c. electronic monitoring
d. all of the above
83. With an estimated 13 million jail admissions and releases per year, more people directly experience ________than
experience prisons, mental hospitals, and halfway houses combined.
a. boot camps
b. parole
c. probation
d. jails
84. ___________ is a model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.
85. The _________ model of corrections emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place
in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.
86. Designed for first time felons aged 16-30, the approach at Elmira incorporated a ________ of classification,
indeterminate sentencing, and parole.
87. People on ________ under community supervision now make up 57 percent of the correctional population, yet
budgets and staffing have not risen accordingly.
88. In the past three decades, the states and the federal government have passed laws that ________ sentences for
most crimes.
89. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in ________ signaled the end of the hands-off policy.
90. With the incarcerated population more than quadrupling during the past 30 years, it is surprising that the number of
parolees has decreased.
a. True
b. False
91. What is the future of corrections? What can we do to prepare for this new horizon? Will we see new crimes?
New prison construction?
92. Cooper v. Pate (1964) ended the hands off doctrine from inmates being able to sue. Was this a wise court
decision? Why or why not? Can we limit the endless, frivolous lawsuits that this ruling encouraged?
Javier was recently tried and convicted of trafficking cocaine across state lines. He was sentenced to a mandatory
10 year prison sentence. Javier is a citizen of Mexico; however, he has been living in the US for the last several
years with his wife and two young children. Javier is serving his sentence single cell with little to no contact
throughout the day. The Warden seems to believe in old style punishment.
93. Since Javier is not a legal citizen of the United States, he would be considered an __________.
a. deported non-citizen
b. documented worker
c. undocumented worker
d. citizen in wait
94. Javier was convicted of trafficking cocaine across state lines. He is most likely serving his time in which type of
correctional facility?
a. state prison
b. federal prison
c. private prison
d. jail
95. Javier does not like the fact that the warden likes to keep the inmates separate in order to intensify their
punishment. This would be an example of __________.
a. separate confinement
b. contract labor system
c. congregate system
d. jail system
96. Once Javier completes his 10 year sentence, he will go through __________.
a. halfway house
b. parole
c. reformatory
d. deportation
Wesley serving a 10 month sentence for driving while impaired. This was Wesley's second conviction. He has
never served time before and overwhelmed with his experience so far. He is serving his time with all walks of life
and most inmates say they are not guilty. Wesley cannot believe he is serving time and the manager is someone he
supported and actually voted for. Wesley knows that the next 10 months cannot go fast enough.
97. Wesley is most likely serving his time in _______.
a. jail
b. state prison
c. federal prison
d. immigration prison
98. Wesley is upset that he is managed by someone he voted for. He is referring to the _______.
a. warden
b. sheriff
c. chief
d. secretary
99. Which of the following groups of individuals will not be serving time while incarcerated with Wesley?
a. innocent
b. mentally ill
c. substance abusers
d. those serving sentences longer than a year
Jodi is serving a 5 year sentence for assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill. She is incarcerated in the only
institution for females in the state. Jodi is feels as though her constitutional rights have been trampled several times
especially when they search her cell. Jodi feels that the correctional officers do not treat the inmates properly, and
she has had enough. She plans to attempt to file a lawsuit.
100. Jodi is most likely serving her sentence in which of the following facilities?
a. state prison
b. federal prison
c. jail
d. immigration court
101. Jodi would not have always had the right to sue for constitutional right violations of inmates. Which court case
gave Jodi this right?
a. Procunier v. Martinez (1974)
b. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
c. Theriault v. Carlson (1977)
d. Cruz v. Beto (1972)
102. Jodi feels that her fourth amendment rights have been violated due to the searches of her cell. According to
_______, Jodi does not have a case.
a. Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
b. Cooper v. Pate (1964)
c. Fulwood v. Clemmer (1962)
d. Gittlemacker v. Prasse (1970)
