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True / False
1. Economic crimes were even punished 3,000 years ago in the Code of Hammurabi.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Green-collar crimes involve violations of laws designed to protect the environment.
a.
True
b.
False
3. By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active; these were skilled thieves,
smugglers, and poachers.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Crimes that affect the environment are called red-collar crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Most theft offenses are committed by trained professionals who know what they are doing and escape detection.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The definition of larceny evolved with the growth of manufacturing and the development of the free enterprise system.
a.
True
b.
False
7. FBI records more than 6 million acts of larceny annually.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are most likely to reform if apprehended.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Boosters or heels steal goods for the intention of reselling for a profit.
a.
True
b.
False
10. In Lemert’s well-known study on check fraud, he found that amateurs account for less than 10 percent of check fraud,
with the majority highly trained and highly experienced forgers.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Fewer than 10 percent of shoplifting incidents are detected by store employees.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Most credit card abuse is the work of skilled professionals with nearly 85 percent of crimes occurring among five
highly skilled credit card rings.
a.
True
b.
False
13. A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is referred to as a fence.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The NCVS has found that nearly a million more burglaries occur each year than reported by the UCR.
a.
True
b.
False
15. It is estimated that the cost of white-collar crime is about $660 billion annually.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Ponzi schemes are named after famed criminal Arthur Ponzirelle.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Exploiters force victims to pay for services to which victims have no clear right.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price fixing, restraint of trade, and false
advertising.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Hirschi and Gottfredson have collected data showing that the demographic distribution of white-collar crime is similar
to other crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Bernard Madoff is an example of one of the most famous Ponzi scheme violators.
a.
True
b.
False
21. An example of chiseling is the charging for goods and services that the customer never received.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Client fraud involves cheating an organization by filing false claims for reimbursement for services provided or,
conversely, failing to pay what is owed.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Oil spills and water pollution are examples of green-collar crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
24. The number of state-funded technical assistance offices to help local prosecutors has decreased significantly with less
than 20 states offering such services.
a.
True
b.
False
25. Corporate culture theory suggests that some businesses actually encourage employees to cheat or cut corners.
a.
True
b.
False
26. The Clean Water Act of 1972 maintains goals and standards for the United States to ensure water quality and purity.
a.
True
b.
False
27. The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 required companies to disclose all information
about child sexual predator who were volunteers or paid employees.
a.
True
b.
False
28. A loophole that many green-collar criminals have found with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 is that it only
protects the animals and not the species' habitat.
a.
True
b.
False
29. The Oil Protection Act of 1990 was established after the high-profile Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
a.
True
b.
False
30. Violators identified by the EPA or other agencies of green-collar crimes are typically prosecuted by the U.S. Justice
Department.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Crimes that affect the environment are called ____________-collar crimes.
a.
green
b.
white
c.
red
d.
blue
32. In the late 1930s, the distinguished criminologist __________ first used the phrase “white-collar crime” to describe
the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.
a.
Cesare Lombroso
b.
Emile Durkheim
c.
Edwin Lemert
d.
Edwin Sutherland
33. Edward Alsworth coined this term to describe the kind of person who hides behind his or her image as a pillar of the
community to get personal gain through any means necessary.
a.
Criminaloid
b.
Poacher
c.
Chameleon
d.
Situational offender
34. This eighteenth century criminal group often worked in large cities and included pickpockets and forgers.
a.
Skilled thieves
b.
Smugglers
c.
Poachers
d.
Pirates
35. Offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role are called ______.
a.
occasional criminals
b.
transparent criminals
c.
situational criminals
d.
professional criminals
36. Martha is upset at Catherine over the dinner bill the night before. Martha believes Catherine should have split the bill
but she failed to pay any portion. Martha and Catherine work together at a local telemarketing center and Martha sneaks to
Catherine’s desk to take $20 from her purse. In terms of larcenies, this would be ______.
a.
petty larceny
b.
constructive larceny
c.
grand larceny
d.
destructive larceny
37. Which of the following is not true about larceny?
a.
Most U.S. state criminal codes separate larceny into petty and grand larceny
b.
Both the UCR and NCVS depict a steady increase in the number and rate of larcenies during the past decade
c.
The FBI records more than 6 million acts of larceny annually
d.
The original definition of larceny did not include the misappropriation of goods by trickery or deceit
38. Pharmacists have been known to alter prescriptions or substitute low-cost generic drugs for more expensive name
brands. This is an example of which category of white-collar crime?
a.
Professional chiseling
b.
Churning
c.
Employee fraud
d.
Influence peddling
39. Amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use.
a.
Snitch
b.
Stilth
c.
Scout
d.
Fitch
40. Legislation called _______________________ laws protect retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest
and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds.
a.
merchant privilege
b.
booster
c.
right-to-protect
d.
service provider
41. Amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture
are called ______.
a.
naive check forgers
b.
systemic forgers
c.
systematic forgers
d.
simple forgers
42. Professional check forgers who make a living by passing bad checks are called ______.
a.
systematic forgers
b.
bellowing forgers
c.
Abagnale forgers
d.
naive forgers
43. A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is often referred to as a ______.
a.
shark
b.
picket
c.
fence
d.
heise
44. Which of the following is not true about burglary?
a.
According to the UCR, just over 5 million burglaries now occur each year in the United States.
b.
The legal definition of burglary has undergone considerable change since its common-law origins.
c.
Most residential burglaries occur during the day.
d.
Those most likely to be burglarized are poor Hispanic and African American families.
45. The willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle.
a.
Arson
b.
Incendiarism
c.
Burglary
d.
Blowbacking
46. Edwin Lemert conducted one of the best-known studies on which form of larceny nearly 60 years ago?
a.
Check fraud
b.
Shoplifting
c.
Auto theft
d.
Credit card theft
47. Which of the following is true about shoplifting?
a.
Research has shown that items which play a role in the illicit drug are the ones stolen most often.
b.
About 45 percent of all shoplifters are professionals.
c.
It is estimated that the professional shoplifter makes between 500,000 and 800,000 dollars a year from their
illegal activity.
d.
On average, about 75,000 people annually are arrested for shoplifting, down from 100,000 in the 1990s.
48. Which of the following is not true about auto thefts and automobiles?
a.
Every state requires owners to insure vehicles.
b.
Fewer cars are being taken today and fewer cars are being recovered than a decade ago.
c.
FBI records about 700,000 auto thefts per year.
d.
The average loss from auto theft is about $4 billion a year.
49. The taking of goods from a retail store.
a.
Shoplifting
b.
Nicking
c.
Pilfering
d.
Pinching
50. Which of the following is true in regard to recent research by the National White Collar Crime Center?
a.
About 17 percent of individuals reported experiencing at least one form of white-collar crime.
b.
About 80 percent of white-collar crimes are reported to police.
c.
White-collar crime is viewed as a less serious crime by the general public.
d.
All of the above are true.
51. __________ involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through
legitimate business transactions.
a.
Organized crime
b.
Enterprise crime
c.
White-collar crime
d.
Cyber crime
52. A Ponzi scheme is one type of ______ whereby people swindle money with payments of returns earned from new
investors.
a.
corporate crime
b.
white-collar fraud
c.
financial chiseling
d.
employee fraud
53. Bernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest ____ of all time.
a.
influence peddler
b.
pilferer
c.
exploiter
d.
Ponzi schemer
54. Forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right is called ______.
a.
exploitation
b.
peddling
c.
chiseling
d.
profiteering
55. ______________ involves using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis.
a.
Chiseling
b.
Notching
c.
Carving
d.
Scoring
56. Illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in
the company is known as _______.
a.
insider trading
b.
exploitation
c.
peddling
d.
chiseling
57. The ____________________ Act is a federal law that subjects to criminal and civil sanctions any person who shall
make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy in restraint of interstate commerce.
a.
Sherman Antitrust
b.
Interstate Commerce
c.
Lautenberg
d.
Illegal Restraint
58. While exploiters are extortionists who force victims to pay for services to which they are legally entitled,
_______________ take bribes in exchange for granting favors.
a.
peddlers
b.
twizzlers
c.
chislers
d.
pirates
59. Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson claim white-collar crime is relatively rare because, as a matter of course,
business executives tend to hire people with ___.
a.
business experience
b.
self-control
c.
strong morals
d.
cultural values
60. Which of the following is not one of the environmental laws discussed in the text?
a.
Natural Gas and Anti-Fracking Act
b.
Clean Water Act
c.
Endangered Species Act
d.
Oil Pollution Act
61. The criminal investigation division of the EPA investigates which of the following crimes?
a.
Mail fraud
b.
Wire fraud
c.
Illegal disposal of hazardous waste
d.
All of the above
62. Which of the following is not true in regard to deterrence strategies for white-collar criminals?
a.
Strategies are aimed at creating conditions that induce conformity to the law.
b.
Deterrence systems are oriented toward apprehension and punishments.
c.
Justice system personnel now consider white-collar criminals as more serious than common-law thefts.
d.
Both fines and penalties have been increasing.
63. Daniel Lee is a college professor at a mid-sized university in Maryland. He ran for city council and won in 2014 and
his wife is the head of the PTA at his child’s grade school. Both he, and his wife, are respected members of the
community. Answer the following questions with this information.
Dan’s wife, Lisa, is caught shoplifting a purse from Macy’s and is arrested. Given her social status, which of the following
types of thieves would Lisa fall into?
a.
Snitch
b.
Booster
c.
Heel
d.
Fence
64. In 2015, Daniel is arrested for running a Ponzi scheme in which he swindled nearly $2 million from investors. This
crime would be considered a _______.
a.
white-collar crime
b.
blue-collar crime
c.
green-collar crime
d.
none of the above
65. Under English common law, _____________ was defined as the taking of another person's property without their
permission or consent.
66. Crimes that effect the environment are referred to as _______________ crimes.
67. Traditional common law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson are called ________________ crimes.
68. In regard to eighteenth century English property crime, individuals who moved freely in sparsely populated areas and
transported goods, such as spirits and spices, without paying taxes were known as _________________.
69. ___________________ is an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and
financial benefits.
70. A legal fiction known as ____________ applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of
their property but still retain legal ownership.
71. Theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor is known as _____________________.
72. Theft of money or property of substantial value and punished as a felony is known as ________________.
73. ___________________ refers to short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer
pressure, which increases risk taking.
74. According to the text, offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime are referred to as
______________ criminals.
75. In reference to blue-collar criminals, offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as
committed to career criminals are called _________________ criminals.
76. __________________ is the taking of goods from retail stores.
77. To encourage the arrest of shoplifters, a number of states have passed ___________________ designed to offer
retailers and their employees some protection from lawsuits stemming from improper or false arrests of suspected
shoplifters.
78. Professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise are called
________________________.
79. A ______________ is an amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals
merchandise for personal use.
80. Entering a home by force, threat, or deception with intent to commit a crime is called ______________.
81. Amateur forgers who case bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal
subculture are referred to as __________________ forgers.
82. Professionals who make a living by passing bad checks are known as _____________________.
83. _______________ crime is defined as any business-related act that uses deceit, deception, or dishonesty to carry out
criminal enterprise.
84. Using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled is
called ____________________.
85. ________________ is the illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who
has a fiduciary interest in the company.
86. Forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right is called ________________.
87. Methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be
violators are known as _________________________.
88. _________________________ rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential
violators.
89. Discuss the history of economic crime and the development of white-collar crime.
90. Compare and contrast the types of larceny.
91. Compare and contrast the crimes of shoplifting and check forgery. What are the similarities, what are the differences?
Explain.
92. Explain the nature and extent of burglary and if burglaries are rational criminals.
93. List and describe some of the motives for arson. What trends are visible?
94. Explain the data found from the most recent White-Collar Crime Center survey and what it says about the current and
future problem of white-collar crime.
95. List and describe the different forms of business frauds and swindles.
96. List and define the different forms of green-collar crime.
97. Compare and contrast client fraud and corporate crime.
98. Compare and contrast rational choice theory for need and rational choice theory for greed and how it relates to
theories of offending.
99. Compare and contrast deterrence and compliance in regard to white-collar and green-collar crime.
100. Compare and contrast some of the Acts passed in the last 50 years regarding white- and green-collar crime. Do you
believe they can be effectively enforced? Why or why not? Explain.
