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1. When Americans are asked to identify the two or three most serious problems facing children, they cite
a.
school and peers.
b.
drugs and peers.
c.
drugs and crime.
d.
peers and mental health.
2. The philosophy of juvenile corrections places a higher premium on
a.
rehabilitation and punishment.
b.
prevention and punishment.
c.
rehabilitation and prevention.
d.
punishment only.
3. Juveniles tend to commit crimes
a.
in groups.
b.
alone.
c.
at night.
d.
on the weekends.
4. Offenders who offend in repetitive patterns are known as
a.
violent offenders.
b.
chronic offenders.
c.
serious offenders.
d.
skilled offenders.
5. Programs that improve family discipline and problem solving prevent delinquency of
a.
boys.
b.
girls.
c.
adult females.
d.
adult males.
6. The propensity of schools to reject youth who are struggling with behavioral problems has been called the
a.
crime train express.
b.
end of innocence.
c.
school-to-prison pipeline.
d.
main issue of juvenile justice.
7. Juvenile probation officers’ case loads tend to be _____________ than those for adult offenders.
a.
slightly higher
b.
lower
c.
much higher
d.
about the same
8. During the 1600s, the crown could act as guardian of any child, especially one with rights to inherited property. This
rule fell under the doctrine of ______________________, meaning “parent of the country.”
a.
pare decisis
b.
parens patriae
c.
in loco parentis
d.
padre de pais
9. The first juvenile court in the United States was established by legislative act in 1899 in what city?
a.
Philadelphia
b.
Boston
c.
New York City
d.
Chicago
10. The earliest attempt by a colony to deal with problem children was the passage of which Massachusetts law?
a.
Criminal Child Law
b.
Delinquent Child Law
c.
Stubborn Child Law
d.
Antisocial Child Law
11. During which period of juvenile corrections did reformers urge the creation of institutions where delinquent, abused,
and neglected children could learn good work and study habits, live in a disciplined and healthy environment, and develop
character?
a.
Puritan period
b.
Juvenile Court period
c.
Juvenile Rights period
d.
Refuge period
12. A(n) ____________ offender is a juvenile who has committed an act that is considered unacceptable for a child, such
as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if committed by an adult.
a.
minor
b.
situational
c.
status
d.
adolescent
13. In about _______percent of juvenile criminal cases in the United States, jurisdiction is waived to adult court.
a.
20
b.
15
c.
5
d.
1
14. At the end of the 1850s, reformers called the “____________” worked for new ways to deal with children in trouble.
a.
juvenile redeemers
b.
kid protectors
c.
child savers
d.
adolescent guardians
15. During the Juvenile Court period (1899–1960), which of the main tenets of the court was aimed at helping the child to
develop a law-abiding lifestyle?
a.
individualization
b.
deterrence
c.
intervention
d.
informality
16. According to your authors, the juvenile justice system has changed dramatically in recent decades. Currently, the
juvenile justice system is in what period of development?
a.
Juvenile Rights period
b.
Juvenile Court period
c.
Crime Control period
d.
Refuge period
17. Which of the following Supreme Court cases established the essentials of due process for juvenile offenders, including
right to counsel, formal hearing, and cross-examination?
a.
in re Gault
b.
in re Winship
c.
Breed v. Jones
d.
Bell v. Abney
18. According to the text, there are five differences between juveniles and adults that justify a separate justice system.
Which of the following is NOT one of the differences?
a.
Juveniles have little responsibility for others.
b.
Juveniles' families are an important part of their lives.
c.
Juveniles commit less serious crimes.
d.
Juveniles are young and may easily change.
19. ______________ is the best predictor of future criminal behavior and recidivism for juvenile offenders.
a.
Parental involvement
b.
Psychological analysis
c.
Treatment completion
d.
An offender’s age
20. The first decision made in juvenile court is whether or not to file a petition of juvenile jurisdiction. However, nearly
________ of the referrals to juvenile court do not result in a petition.
a.
two-thirds
b.
one-third
c.
one-half
d.
one-fifth
21. Instead of relying on the offense alone to identify the highest-risk juvenile offenders, other factors in the juvenile’s
history should be considered. Which of the following is NOT one of these important factors?
a.
sexual activity
b.
drug dealing
c.
antisocial parents
d.
gang membership
22. ____________ is a juvenile court procedure in which a case is either dropped or referred to programs dealing with the
offender’s educational, mental health, or social needs.
a.
aftercare
b.
diversion
c.
waiver
d.
aversion
23. The term ____________ refers to services provided to juveniles after they have been placed—removed from their
homes and put under some form of custodial supervision.
a.
aftercare
b.
diversion
c.
waiver
d.
aversion
24. Federal law requires that juveniles housed in adult jails be segregated and be taken before a magistrate for an initial
appearance within ___________ hours of arrival in the facility.
a.
12
b.
24
c.
36
d.
72
25. According to recent US statistics, most gang members are __________________.
a.
African American
b.
Caucasian
c.
Pacific Islander
d.
Hispanic
26. Most juvenile crime is still minor misbehavior, not the serious acts of violence that tend to dominate the news.
a.
True
b.
False
27. During the Juvenile Rights period (1960–1980) in the United States, liberal reform groups, such as the ACLU, rallied
to protect the rights of juveniles.
a.
True
b.
False
28. The juvenile violent crime rate has increased by more than 50 percent since 1980.
a.
True
b.
False
29. In Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court established the minimum age of sixteen for capital punishment cases.
a.
True
b.
False
30. Compared with group homes, reform schools and training schools offer far less freedom to the child placed within
them.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Race is the best predictor of recidivism.
a.
True
b.
False
32. Throughout history, children who have gotten in trouble have been treated with leniency.
a.
True
b.
False
33. The underlying philosophy of the juvenile court remains much as the original reformers intended.
a.
True
b.
False
34. A delinquent is a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care.
a.
True
b.
False
35. During the Crime Control period of the juvenile justice system in America, proponents focused their efforts on
rehabilitation of young offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
36. In the adult court the person charged is called the defendant; in the juvenile system the person charged is called the
______________.
37. In the adult system, guilt is determined at a trial. In the juvenile system, guilt is determined at a _________________.
38. The philosophy of juvenile corrections places a higher premium on rehabilitation and __________________.
39. Juveniles today are involved in a much smaller proportion of violent crimes than ___________ crimes.
40. A ___________ is a procedure by which the juvenile court relinquishes its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to
the adult criminal court.
41. A ____________ child is a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care.
42. During the Juvenile Court period in America, the new juvenile court took the role of _____________.
43. ____________ is the juvenile justice equivalent to adult parole.
44. When girls misbehave, the juvenile justice system often treats them as __________ offenders.
45. The most common sanction a juvenile may receive in the United States today is ____________.
46. What sets the juvenile corrections system apart from the adult system? Be sure to address philosophical, procedural,
and programmatic differences.
47. Compare and contrast the terms “delinquent child,” “neglected child,” and “dependent child.” Originally, which type
of child was the juvenile system intended to focus on? Which type does it focus on today?
48. List and describe four sanctions currently used for juvenile offenders in the United States. Also, please discuss how
these sanctions differ from their adult equivalents.
49. Describe the role of a juvenile probation officer. Identify two responsibilities you feel are most important and explain
why.
50. The number of probation offenders for juveniles is expected to ____________ during the next decade.
a.
grow
b.
decline
c.
stay the same
d.
dramatically decrease
51. According to the text, about what percent of delinquents receive an intermediate sanction?
a.
15
b.
5
c.
10
d.
25
52. One of the most widely used new intermediate sanctions for juvenile offenders is
a.
boot camp.
b.
house arrest.
c.
community work service.
d.
cognitive-skills programming.
53. Foster homes, residential centers, and reform schools are examples of
a.
institutions for juveniles.
b.
employment options for juvenile offenders.
c.
places parents can call for advice on parenting.
d.
training facilities for juveniles to become more criminal.
54. According to the text, the everyday juvenile offender is
a.
unsophisticated.
b.
extremely violent.
c.
a drug addict.
d.
homeless.
55. Reform efforts for juveniles seem today to be exactly the same as the pattern exhibited by the adult process.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Removing a person from the community is the only solution and should be used in all cases.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Community service and restitution have been standard, and successful, juvenile adjustments.
a.
True
b.
False
58. Juvenile probation officers develop close ties with the offenders' families.
a.
True
b.
False
59. Juvenile delinquents disproportionately suffer from learning disabilities.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Typical _____________ available to the court are probation, intermediate sanctions, community programs, and out-of-
home placement.
61. Juvenile probation officers are responsible for the _____________ and guidance of youths under the age of eighteen.
62. _____________ homes are not considered punitive.
63. ________________ refers to services provided to juveniles after they have been placed.
64. __________________ was based on the idea that each child ought to be treated as a unique person with unique
circumstances.
65. Extremely serious juvenile crime incidents are ______________.
66. In the adult system the outcome of a court case is known as a verdict. In the juvenile system it is known as a
__________.
67. In the adult system a person is charged. In the juvenile system the juvenile is ______________ to the court.
68. In about one percent of cases, jurisdiction is ____________ to adult court.
69. Federal law requires that juveniles housed in adult jails be ________________ from adult prisoners.
70. Identify three program strategies that are most likely to be effective with juveniles and explain the design of each
program.
Ren is studying juvenile corrections. He is making a list of the similarities and differences between adult and juvenile
court and probation. Below are statements reflecting Ren's findings.
71. Ren found in the juvenile court, the defendant is known as the
a.
respondent.
b.
guilty.
c.
bad guy.
d.
criminal.
72. Ren found in juvenile corrections, being placed or committed indicates what?
a.
The juvenile was incarcerated.
b.
The charges were dismissed.
c.
The juvenile was sentenced to adult prison.
d.
The juvenile was sent to a treatment program.
73. The consequences the judge imposes in the juvenile court are known as the
a.
disposition.
b.
conviction.
c.
consequence.
d.
verdict.
74. Ren learned juveniles are not arrested, they are
a.
detained
b.
confined
c.
restricted
d.
captured
Nick was arrested and charged with assault at the age of seventeen. He appeared before the court and was adjudicated for
the offense. Nick was ordered to perform forty hours of community work service and ordered to serve a weekend in a
detention center.
75. In the juvenile court, Nick is identified as a_____________ not a criminal.
a.
delinquent
b.
bad seed
c.
convict
d.
trouble maker
76. The sanction the court imposed on Nick is known as the
a.
disposition.
b.
sentence.
c.
conviction.
d.
consequence.
77. The outcome of Nick's case is known as the
a.
finding.
b.
verdict.
c.
sentence.
d.
conviction.
78. Since Nick was charged with the offense, he is known as the
a.
respondent.
b.
defendant.
c.
guilty.
d.
suspect.
Jordan is fifteen and appearing before the court to determine who will care for her, as her parents were arrested and are in
jail. It was determined Jordan will be placed in the care of the Nelsons until her parents are able to care for her again.
79. Which of the below best described Jordan?
a.
neglected
b.
dependent
c.
delinquent
d.
suspect
80. Jordan was most likely placed in
a.
foster care.
b.
a juvenile detention center.
c.
a treatment center.
d.
protective custody.
