Test Bank and Answer Key
TRUE/FALSE
1. The concept of rehabilitation is the cornerstone of traditional liberal crime control policy.
2. Martinson’s report does not meet the current standards of evidence-based crime policy analysis.
3. The emphasis of probation is on treatment over supervision.
4. Both conservatives and liberals are critical of parole.
5. Intensive probation/parole supervision programs rest on a flawed assumption that increasing the
intensity of supervision would enhance program effectiveness.
6. Abolishing parole is an effective crime reduction policy
7. The Manhattan Court Employment Project provided a classic example of net widening.
8. Net widening brings more people under the umbrella of the criminal justice system.
9. Evaluations of boot camps have found positive long-term changes in behaviors.
10. Passive electronic monitoring involves the use of ankle bracelets.
11. Electronic monitoring programs have only been used with traffic violation offenders.
12. An example of organic religion is a religiously-centered drug treatment program in a prison
setting.
13. Faith-based treatment programs that provide intentional religion are more effective in reducing
crime than secular treatment programs.
14. Drug courts specialize in handling only offenders with substance abuse problems by sentencing
them to jail rather than a long prison term.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following terms is defined as a planned intervention that reduces an offender’s
further criminal activity?
a.
rehabilitation
c.
diversion
b.
aging out
d.
intermediate sanction
2. According to the text, the best crime reduction policy is?
a.
rehabilitation
b.
incapacitation
c.
getting older
d.
being female
3. Which of the following is true about Martinson’s report on rehabilitation?
a.
it was titled “Nothing Works”
b.
no positive outcomes from rehabilitative programs could be identified
c.
the research was funded by a conservative political action committee
d.
his results were misinterpreted at a time when crime rates were soaring
4. Based on Martinson’s findings, what can we conclude about rehabilitation?
a.
rehabilitation programs have no positive effects so they should not be funded
b.
some programs work for some people but they depend on the conditions of delivery
c.
failing rehabilitation programs caused crime rates to rise in the 1970s
d.
we can draw no conclusions since there is no rigorous scientific research available
5. The most widely used rehabilitation program in the criminal justice system is
a.
aging out
c.
boot camp
b.
probation
d.
reentry
6. Evaluations of probation have found failure rates that range from _____________%.
a.
25 to 15
c.
75 to 66
b.
65 to 12
d.
99 to 77
7. The program that is seen as rehabilitative because it seeks to reintegrate offenders into the
community is known as
a.
diversion
c.
home confinement
b.
boot camp
d.
parole
8. How do rearrest rates for offenders released on parole compare to those released unconditionally?
a.
there is little difference
b.
parolees were rearrested slightly more frequently
c.
those released unconditionally were rearrested far more frequently
d.
parolees are more likely to be rearrested for a felony while those released unconditionally
are more likely to be rearrested for a misdemeanor
9. Research on offender reentry programs confirms
a.
parole is better than unconditional release
b.
those who desire to change have tools available to them
c.
the inadequacy of treatment services
d.
that regarding rehabilitation, nothing works
10. Regarding the role of the prediction problem in parole
a.
prediction instruments based on number of prison infractions are the most accurate
b.
we are no closer to a successful prediction formula today than we were in the 1920s
c.
judges are able to make predictions as accurate as sophisticated prediction formulas
d.
lack of an effective prediction formula has resulted in a shift toward unconditional release
11. Select the most accurate statement regarding intensive probation supervision
a.
it is a front-end rather than a back-end approach
b.
the goal is to remove offenders from the system quickly
c.
it is frequently combined with other intermediate sanctions
d.
it is disliked by both liberals and conservatives
12. Evaluations of intensive probation supervision programs find
a.
lower rates of recidivism
c.
lower rates of technical violations
b.
higher rates of recidivism
d.
higher rates of technical violations
13. Intensive probation/parole supervision programs provide enhanced __________ of offenders
a.
supervision
c.
supervision and treatment
b.
treatment
d.
none of the above
14. Diversion programs are rooted in the assumptions of which criminological theory?
a.
rational choice
c.
self-control
b.
labeling
d.
differential association
15. Programs that involve a treatment component and the goal of getting offenders out of the CJS as
early as possible are known as what?
a.
faith-based
c.
probation
b.
boot camp
d.
diversion
16. Diversion within the criminal justice system has encompassed
a.
police not arresting an individual
c.
case dismissals
b.
treatment services
d.
all of the above
17. Participants of the Manhattan Court Employment Project
a.
received counseling, short-term public assistance and a referral to a job opening
b.
had all of their charges dropped in exchange for pleading to a low level misdemeanor
c.
often dropped out of the program because it was more intrusive and punitive than prison
d.
increased their lifetime earnings by 25% compared to a control group
18. Net widening refers to a process where
a.
the loopholes in the CJS are widened and more offenders are able to slip through
b.
the social networks of an offender are treated in order to promote embedding
c.
more offenders are brought into the CJS rather than diverted out
d.
a range of treatment services likened to a web are provided to an offender
19. One of the problems with net widening in a diversion program is that
a.
more offenders escape the CJS without receiving either treatment or punishment
b.
the cost savings are never realized because more people become part of the CJS process
c.
both programs are voluntary in nature and tend to compete with one another
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
20. Among the reasons for the failure of diversion programs is
a.
contact between the offender and probation officers is too often
b.
program content offers too many options for offenders who need structure
c.
a coercion element that infringes on due process rights
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
21. An evaluation of a juvenile diversion program found that
a.
diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were lower than both juveniles sent to juvenile
court and juveniles released outright
b.
diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were similar to both juveniles sent to juvenile
court and juveniles released outright
c.
a significant increase in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile
arrests declined by about half
d.
a significant decrease in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile
arrests grew by about half
22. The new intermediate punishments emphasize ____(1)_____ with little emphasis on
_____(2)_____.
a.
(1) cost savings (2) effectiveness
c.
(1) diversion (2) punishment
b.
(1) juvenile treatment (2) adult treatment
d.
(1) surveillance and control (2) treatment
23. Among the goals of boot camps are
a.
punishment of the offender
b.
rehabilitation
c.
reduction in overcrowding
d.
all of the above
e.
a & c only
24. Graduates of boot camps who had lower recidivism rates participated in camps with
a.
more treatment services
d.
all of the above
b.
more intensive sessions
e.
none of the above
c.
more intensive post-release supervision
25. One of the problems with boot camps is that
a.
they are only cheaper in the short term and most offenders require long stays to graduate
b.
as many as half of the offenders in them fail to complete the program
c.
offenders who successfully complete them have to repeat them if they join the military
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
26. Home confinement
a.
is used for juvenile offenders only
c.
is more effective than probation
b.
is basically a curfew
d.
is a complete failure
27. A type of electronic monitoring technology that involves periodic random telephone calls to a
probationer’s home is known as what?
a.
passive monitoring
c.
radio frequency
b.
active monitoring
d.
grosslink
28. One of the criticisms against electronic monitoring is that
a.
it promotes net widening
b.
few offenders actually complete the program
c.
it allows dangerous offenders to be prey upon innocent citizens
d.
the cost savings are small because a tiny proportion of all offenders are in electronic
monitoring programs
29. If the purpose of electronic monitoring is to control offenders, it is a _____(1)_____, but if the
purpose is to reintegrate offenders into the community, it is a _____(2)_____.
a.
(1) success (2) success
c.
(1) failure (2) success
b.
(1) success (2) failure
d.
(1) failure (2) failure
30. President George W. Bush created the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
in January 2001. When President Barack Obama entered office, he
a.
kept the program intact
b.
changed the name of the office to “Belief–Based and Community Initiatives”
c.
eliminated all faith-based programs
d.
continued the program, but with a slight change in emphasis and name
31. Regarding faith-based treatment
a.
intentional religion programs may or may not include religious services
b.
organic religion programs require religious services
c.
intentional religion programs require religious services
d.
both organic and intentional programs serve most religions
32. In evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based treatment programs
a.
organic religion was least effective in reducing crime
b.
there was higher recidivism rates among secular programs than faith-based ones
c.
there is inconclusive evidence that faith-based programs are more effective than secular
ones
d.
intentional religion was most effective in reducing crime
33. Drug courts are an example of
a.
faith-based treatment
c.
net widening
b.
intensive supervised probation
d.
diversion
34. Drug courts
a.
began in the late 1980s in Florida
b.
have expanded significantly in the past 20 years
c.
provide a comprehensive plan of treatment and supervision
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
35. With the advent of drug courts, the traditional role of ____________ has been altered
a.
prosecutors
b.
law enforcement
c.
judges
d.
probation officers
36. Properly managed drug courts are set apart from other diversion programs due to
a.
written criteria
b.
initial and ongoing planning
c.
access to various substance abuse treatment programs
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
37. Evidence of the effectiveness of drug court programs shows that
a.
offenders who complete the programs have lower recidivism rates than those who do not
participate
b.
offenders who complete the 8-week program have lower recidivism rates than those who
complete the 26-week program
c.
the reason why so many fail is because the programs are not implemented and funded as
they are intended to be
d.
nearly all of the offenders who are offered the option of a drug court program take it
SHORT ANSWER
1. Evaluate the interpretation that nothing works based on the findings of the Martinson report.
2. Compare and contrast probation and parole and be sure to make mention of their goals and
effectiveness achieving them.
3. Defend the use of diversion programs and then evaluate the effectiveness of such programs, and
the impact of net widening.
4. Evaluate the use of intermediate punishments.
5. Evaluate the argument that faith-based treatment programs are more effective in reducing crime
than secular treatment programs.
6. Provide the objectives of and assess the effectiveness of drug courts.