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1. What was the most common state-administered punishment in early Greece and Roman civilizations?
a.
Mutilation
b.
Burning at the stake
c.
Banishment
d.
Death penalty
2. What event ended the transportation of prisoners from England to the United States?
a.
The War of 1812
b.
The Revolutionary War
c.
The publication of The Fatal Shore
d.
France’s participation in the free trade act of 1786
3. Using mandatory life sentences so criminals cannot hurt other citizens is the core goal of:
a.
Restitution.
b.
Incapacitation.
c.
Retribution.
d.
General deterrence.
4. A social and personal history document containing an evaluation of the defendant’s chances for successful
rehabilitation that the judge uses during the sentencing phase is called:
a.
Presentence investigation report.
b.
Rehabilitation and placement evaluation.
c.
Presentence evaluation report.
d.
Diversion and deterrence document.
5. Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and that run together are called:
a.
Consecutive sentences.
b.
Concurrent sentences.
c.
Conclusive sentences.
d.
Concomitant sentences.
6. Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one after the other are called:
a.
Consecutive sentences.
b.
Concurrent sentences.
c.
Conclusive sentences.
d.
Concomitant sentences.
7. How many days could a federal inmate have deducted from their sentence each year for good time?
a.
10
b.
54
c.
107
d.
365
8. Who ultimately is responsible for determining the actual length in indeterminate sentencing?
a.
Prosecution
b.
State legislature
c.
Correctional agency
d.
Probation officer
9. Which is not one of the three main sentencing procedures used in the United States?
a.
Determinate sentencing
b.
Indeterminate sentencing
c.
Substantiated sentencing
d.
Mandatory sentencing
10. A set of standards that defines parameters for trial judges to follow in their sentencing of offenders is called:
a.
Sentencing structures.
b.
Sentencing guidelines.
c.
Comprehensive sentencing structures.
d.
Sentencing rubrics.
11. “Let the sentence fit the criminal” best describes the basic philosophy of:
a.
Determinate sentencing.
b.
Mandatory sentencing.
c.
Substantiated sentencing.
d.
Indeterminate sentencing.
12. Which of the following states do not use a comprehensive structured sentencing system setting standards for felonies
and misdemeanors, intermediate sentencing, community punishments, and the distribution of state funds for correctional
programs?
a.
North Carolina
b.
Pennsylvania
c.
Ohio
d.
South Carolina
13. In which Supreme Court case was it decided that the federal cocaine sentencing guidelines, like other guidelines, are
advisory?
a.
Manning v. Brady
b.
Kimbrough v. United States
c.
Briggs v. Jackson County
d.
Orsagos v. United States
14. Laws that provide lengthy terms for any person convicted of three felony offenses are called:
a.
Third times a charm laws.
b.
Three strikes laws.
c.
Federal crime provisional laws.
d.
Multiple offender laws.
15. Those who challenge the legality of three strikes law do so because they see it as a violation of which Amendment?
a.
Fourth
b.
Seventh
c.
Eighth
d.
Nineteenth
16. The view that the low rates of crime and delinquency among females reflect the leniency with which female offenders
are treated is called:
a.
The chivalry hypothesis.
b.
The exculpatory hypothesis.
c.
The null hypothesis.
d.
The alternative hypothesis.
17. A postconviction address by the victim of the crime or the victim’s family that may be used to guide sentencing of the
offender is called a:
a.
Victim address.
b.
Cold case statement.
c.
Victim impact statement.
d.
Family circle statement.
18. On average, about how many people are executed in the United States each year?
a.
10–20
b.
40–50
c.
75–80
d.
About 100
19. In 2007, which was the first state to abolish the death penalty since it was reintroduced in the United States in 1972?
a.
West Virginia
b.
Hawaii
c.
New Jersey
d.
Maine
20. The belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere that enhances, rather than reduces, the level of violence in
society is called:
a.
The brutalization effect.
b.
The butterfly effect.
c.
The vehemence effect.
d.
The pugnaciousness effect.
21. Which case ruled that the death penalty amounts to cruel and unusual punishment, which is a violation of the Eighth
Amendment?
a.
Coker v. Georgia
b.
Furman v. Georgia
c.
Cabana v. Bullock
d.
Deck v. Missouri
22. That the death penalty does not violate the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution was ruled in:
a.
Bell v. South Carolina.
b.
Gregg v. Georgia.
c.
Garner v. Tennessee.
d.
Furman v. Georgia.
23. The importance of Ring v. Arizona is that it ruled that:
a.
The death penalty is unconstitutional in crimes of burglary and robbery.
b.
Juries, not judges, must make the decision to sentence a convict to death.
c.
Judges must give victims a chance to speak during the sentencing phase of a death penalty case.
d.
Death penalty defendants may not present new evidence during the sentencing phase.
24. In which case did the Court bar capital punishment for child rapists unless the rape resulted in or was intended to
result in the death of the child?
a.
Peterson v. California
b.
Kennedy v. Louisiana
c.
Fogel v. Georgia
d.
Sambuco v. Texas
25. The importance of Ford v. Wainwright (1986) established that it is unconstitutional to:
a.
Put to death a convict 16 years or younger.
b.
Put to death a mentally insane person.
c.
Put to death a foreign dignitary.
d.
Put to death child rapists.
26. Which concept assumes that if a man is convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison, this act will serve as an
example for other people? In other words, people will not want to commit murder out of fear that they may get caught and
experience the same punishment.
a.
Specific deterrence
b.
Incapacitation
c.
Retribution and Just Desserts
d.
General deterrence
27. Dangerous criminals are held in confinement to segregate them from society in order to eliminate the risk of re-
offending under which concept?
a.
Specific deterrence
b.
Incapacitation
c.
Retribution and Just Desserts
d.
General deterrence
28. Which concept states that the punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat the
same offense?
a.
Specific deterrence
b.
Incapacitation
c.
Retribution and Just Desserts
d.
General deterrence
29. The old saying, “The punishment should fit the crime,” is most fitting for which of the following concepts?
a.
Specific deterrence
b.
Incapacitation
c.
Retribution and Just Desserts
d.
General deterrence
30. Under truth-in-sentencing schemes, an offender must serve how much of their sentence before they are eligible for
release?
a.
65%
b.
75%
c.
85%
d.
90%
31. Which of the following are factors that may be assessed in determining the length of a sentence?
a.
The severity of the offense
b.
The motive of the crime
c.
The offender’s prior history
d.
All of the above
32. Which of the following is not a method used to evaluate whether capital punishment reduces the murder rate?
a.
Immediate-impact study
b.
Time-series analysis
c.
Contiguous-state analysis
d.
Cost–benefit analysis
CASE 11.1
Brent Weir is arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) in Ohio. On the night in question, Mr.
Weir’s blood alcohol level was .16, twice the legal limit in Ohio. This was Brent’s first arrest, he has no
prior arrests, has a college degree, and runs a local hotel in the Cleveland area. Given this information,
answer the following questions.
33. If the judge were to sentence Brent to six months in jail and $2,500 in fines, this would be an example of:
a.
General deterrence.
b.
Specific deterrence.
c.
Unambiguous deterrence.
d.
Exclusive deterrence, given his age
34. If Brent were sentenced to one year of probation and forced to work in the local school systems as an educator to teens
and young adults about the dangers of driving drunk instead of getting a jail sentence this would most resemble:
a.
Rehabilitation.
b.
Restitution.
c.
Equity rehabilitation.
d.
Retribution.
35. If Brent were sentenced to six months in jail but was released after four months because he was a model prisoner and
completed his mandatory educational and substance abuse training, this would be an example of:
a.
Good time.
b.
Sweat equity rehabilitation.
c.
Concurrent sentencing.
d.
Retribution.
CASE 11.2
In 2013, a 17-year-old white man named Jason is arrested for vandalism in an affluent neighborhood just
east of Bloomington, Indiana. The victims include a 55-year-old man, his wife, and their children, ages 17
and 15. Jason slashed the tires on their car, spray-painted their house, and removed foliage from their
garden. Given this information, answer the following questions.
36. At the sentencing hearing, the judge recommends that the defendant be given the opportunity to apologize to the
victims and the community and in return will have his jail sentence revoked if he returns the property to its prevandalized
state and reimburses his victims for all nonrepairable property. This is an example of:
a.
Rehabilitation.
b.
Youth assistant programs.
c.
Retribution.
d.
Restoration.
37. If Jason were 25 years old and has committed the same crime but had three prior arrests: one for DUI, one for robbery,
and one for simple assault, all since his eighteenth birthday. If at sentencing the judge sentences Jason to three to five
years, this is an example of:
a.
Indeterminate sentencing.
b.
Circle sentencing.
c.
Widen-the-net sentencing.
d.
Determinate sentencing.
CASE 11.3
Trent Jones, a 42-year-old black war veteran with no prior criminal arrests, is arrested in Texas for the
premeditated murder of his neighbor, Jeffery Bella, following months of disagreement between the two
men. On the night in question, Mr. Jones hid behind bushes in Mr. Bella’s driveway, waited for Mr. Bella
to exit, and shot him five times in the chest in front of his wife and two children. Given this information,
answer the following questions.
38. If at the sentencing hearing, Mr. Bella’s wife is allowed to speak and direct her comments toward her husband’s killer
this is called a:
a.
Victim impact statement.
b.
Victim diversion program.
c.
Exculpatory statement.
d.
Court-appointed victim advocacy.
39. Given the same scenario above but changing the defendant from male to female, if found guilty and at sentencing the
offender is given twenty-five to thirty years instead of life in prison or the death penalty, many would argue that this is an
example of the:
a.
Chivalry hypothesis.
b.
Gallantry hypothesis.
c.
Nobility hypothesis.
d.
Double marginality clause.
40. During the Middle Ages, there was little law or governmental control and offenses were settled by blood feuds carried
out by the families of the injured parties.
a.
True
b.
False
41. Some institutions used as penitentiaries were developed soon after the Revolutionary War and are still in use today.
a.
True
b.
False
42. A positive sign for crime rates in the United States is that between 1990 and 2008 the prison population decreased by
almost 15%.
a.
True
b.
False
43. Reducing recidivism is the primary goal of a specific deterrence model.
a.
True
b.
False
44. A sentencing target of eight to twenty years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence.
a.
True
b.
False
45. In 2007, the Federal Sentencing Commission revised the guidelines and retroactively considered reducing sentences
for people convicted of crack possession.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Mandatory sentencing generally limits the judge’s discretionary power to impose any disposition but that authorized
by the legislature.
a.
True
b.
False
47. Mandatory sentencing laws have not garnered much support, as only fifteen states have replaced discretionary
sentencing with mandatory fixed-term sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
48. The Federal Crime Act of 1994 created what the criminal justice system refers to as “victim impact statements.”
a.
True
b.
False
49. Three-strike laws have garnered much criticism, especially after the life sentence imposed on a third-time felon for
stealing a set of golf clubs.
a.
True
b.
False
50. Over 132,000 executions have been carried out in the United States, with the first in the early 1700s for treason.
a.
True
b.
False
51. About 8% of prisoners under a sentence of death have prior homicide convictions; if these criminals had been
executed for the first offense, no further victims would have suffered.
a.
True
b.
False
52. Proponents of the death penalty argue that it is morally correct because of evidence found in the Bible and other
religious works.
a.
True
b.
False
53. Of the approximately 10,000 persons convicted each year on homicide charges, only 250 to 300 are sentenced to
death, while an equal number receive probation or community supervision only.
a.
True
b.
False
54. In the case of Baze v. Rees, the Supreme Court ruled that lethal injections did violate the Eighth Amendment
protection against cruel and unusual punishment, hence putting a moratorium on the death penalty for more than eight
years during the 1970s.
In the case of Baze v. Rees, the Supreme Court ruled that lethal injections did violate the Eighth Amendment protection
against cruel and unusual punishment, hence putting a moratorium on the death penalty for more than eight years during
the 1970s
a.
True
b.
False
55. Juries, not judges, must make the critical findings that sentence killers to death was ruled in Ring v. Arizona (2002).
a.
True
b.
False
56. During the Middle Ages, the primary goal of the criminal justice system and punishment was the maintenance of
order.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Diversion is one way of moving a first-time or nonserious offender into treatment as opposed to a more serious and
potentially life-altering sanction.
a.
True
b.
False
58. If an inmate follows the institution rules and serves “good time,” they can have some time subtracted from the
sentence.
a.
True
b.
False
59. Indeterminate sentencing refers to the type of sentence structure in which there is a preset number of years prescribed
for the crime.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Indeterminate sentencing is currently the most widely used sentence structure in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
61. Most current empirical evidence suggests that three-strike laws are a deterrent for violent offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
62. Annually about 70% of convicted felons are sentenced to some time in prison or jail.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Some studies have found evidence of gender bias in sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
64. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty may be administered for any murder, regardless of the
degree.
a.
True
b.
False
65. The early English prison reformer who called for more sanitary and secure prisons was _______________.
66. The word _____________ has its origins in the twelfth century, meaning a “breach of faith with one’s feudal lord.”
67. The _____________________ model punishes people in an attempt to set an example for other would-be criminals.
68. __________________ refers to the action of seeking compensation for individual victims by the offender for losses
due to the crime committed.
69. Prison sentences that run _____________________ are those in which sentences for two or more criminal acts are
served simultaneously and run together.
70. The ____________________ sentence is still the most widely used type of sentence in the United States.
71. _________________ provide lengthy prison terms for any person convicted of three felony offenses, even if the third
crime is a relatively trivial offense.
72. A ________________ sentence is a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases
upon conviction for a specified offense.
73. A sentencing scheme requiring that offenders serve at least 85% of their original sentence before being eligible for
parole or early release is called _______________________.
74. The ________________ is the view that the low rates of crime and delinquency among females reflect the leniency
with which female offenders are treated.
75. Of the thousands of executions that have been carried out in the United States, most of these have been for murder and
______________.
76. The belief that capital punishment creates a barbaric atmosphere that enhances the level of violence in society is
referred to as the _________________.
77. The court case of _________________ ruled that the death penalty amounted to cruel and unusual punishment, in
violation of the Eighth Amendment.
78. Beginning around 1820 in both England and the United States, ______________________ became state or federal
correctional institutions for the incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more.
79. The concept of ____________________ states that criminals have been failed by society and that. therefore. treatment
should be a beneficial means of compensating them.
80. The concept of _____________________ states that the offender should confront their behavior and try to make
amends, satisfy everyone’s needs, and ultimately restore themselves as an upstanding member of the community.
81. The __________________________ view asserts that the death penalty is just as it is mentioned in the Bible.
82. In the 2002 case of ________________________, the Supreme Court ruled that mentally handicapped people could
not be executed, as doing so would constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
83. _________ is the minimum age at which one can be executed, as set by Roper v. Simmons (2005).
84. Describe the history of punishment and how this led to the rise of prisons.
85. Discuss the goal of punishment. What are the pros and cons for each, and what is the current stance on punishment
most widely accepted in the United States?
86. Compare and contrast the different methods for imposing a sentence in the United States and provide examples for
each. How does good time affect this process?
87. Discuss the crime-deterrent impact of determinate, indeterminate, mandatory, and truth-in-sentencing models.
88. Define three strike laws. Discuss the pros and cons of the laws, providing examples. What are the primary legal
controls in place regarding three strike laws?
89. Several Supreme Court cases have challenged how guidelines can be used. Provide at least two examples from the
text, and state why sentencing guidelines are so controversial.
90. List and discuss the factors that affect sentencing.
91. Summarize the arguments for and against capital punishment. What is your opinion on capital punishment? Provide at
least two examples of empirical evidence that supports your opinion.
92. Critics of the death penalty state that it has little deterrent effect on crime. Define what is meant by this statement, and
provide evidence from the text to support this claim.
93. Compare and contrast concurrent and consecutive sentencing. Which do you think is more desirable from the
defendant’s point of view, and why?
94. Explain how and why wrongful convictions occur, and note some of the procedures in place to reduce the incidence of
such convictions.
95. Explain three landmark Supreme Court decisions pertaining to capital punishment. Discuss how these shaped the laws.
