55. Much of the growth in the number of Americans behind bars can be attributed to the enhancement and stricter
enforcement of the nation’s drug laws.
a. True
b. False
56. Today in the United States, the chance of someone arrested going to prison is much greater than it was 30 years
ago.
a. True
b. False
57. The number of women incarcerated in prisons has begun to slowly decline.
a. True
b. False
58. There is no parole in the federal prison system.
a. True
b. False
59. The high cost of imprisonment has caused policymakers to consider a number of different methods to reduce the
number of people in prison.
a. True
b. False
60. Incarceration has a harmful impact on offenders themselves.
a. True
b. False
61. Children of convicts are at a higher risk than their peers for antisocial behavior and mental health problems.
a. True
b. False
62. The incentive to privatize is primarily financial.
a. True
b. False
63. Private prisons can often be run more cheaply and efficiently than public ones.
a. True
b. False
64. Jails are chronically overcrowded, and judges need to clear space for new offenders.
a. True
b. False
65. Of the nearly 3,370 jails in the United States, more than 2,700 are operated at a county level by an elected sheriff.
a. True
b. False
66. A linear designed jail uses direct supervision where one or more jail officers are stationed in the living area of the
pod and are in constant interaction with all prisoners in that pod.
a. True
b. False
67. The American prison system is coming under increased scrutiny because its focus is on discipline and separate
inmates, rather than preparing them for their release.
a. True
b. False
68. The Pennsylvania System used the , which was a nineteenth-century penitentiary in which inmates were kept
apart from one another at all times, with daily activities taking place in individual cells.
69. The system was used at Auburn, where inmates worked and ate together, with silence enforced
by guards.
70. The was/were greatly responsible for the spread of indeterminate sentences, probation,
community sanctions, and parole in the first half of the twentieth century.
71. ___________________ adopted the “Great Law” in Pennsylvania in 1682.
72. The prison official ultimately responsible for the correctional facility is the warden, also known as the
______________________.
73. are those who deal with the inmates and make up more than half a prison’s
staff.
74. is the process through which prison officials determine which correctional facility
is best suited to the individual offender.
75. A is a correctional facility reserved for the “worst of the worst” of
America’s corrections populations.
76. Supermax prisons operate in a state of perpetual , in which all inmates are confined to their
cells.
77. A -security prison allows inmates to have a great deal of freedom of
movement and contact with the outside world.
78. A disciplinary action taken by prison officials in which all inmates are ordered to their quarters and nonessential
prison activities are suspended. This is called .
79. For most states looking to cut corrections costs, the focus has been on , which is
the reduction of inmate populations.
80. A common strategy of decarceration is the rate of release of nonviolent offenders from
prison.
81. are the wages of public employees that account for nearly two-thirds of a
government-run prison’s operating expenses.
82. Those who believe that private prisons are a philosophical concern believe that only the
has the authority to punish wrongdoers and operate prisons.
83. are authorized to hold pretrial detainees and offenders who have committed
misdemeanors.
84. Individuals who cannot post bail after arrest and are therefore forced to spend the time prior to their trial
incarcerated in jail are known as .
85. Time spent in jail prior to trial is often credited towards an offender’s sentence as .
86. A jail encourages interaction between inmates and jailers and offers
greater opportunities for treatment.
87. A process of prison and jail administration in which correctional officers are in continuous physical contact with
inmates during the day is __________________________________.
88. Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary theories.
89. Discuss the reformers/Progressives and their impact on corrections.
90. Describe the formal prison management system, including organization and management.
91. Identify and discuss the four types of prisons.
92. According to DeJulio, how should prisons be governed?
93. Besides the enhancement and stricter enforcement of the nation’s drug laws, what other reasons are recognized for
growth in the incarcerated population? Identify and briefly discuss each.
94. What is decarceration and the strategies relied upon to accomplish it?
95. What are the benefits of privatizing prisons? What are the potential drawbacks?
96. Why do most experts believe that the private prison industry will continue to grow?
97. Summarize the distinction between jails and prisons, and indicate the importance of jails in the American
correctional system.
98. List five types of community corrections for jail inmates.
99. Discuss new-generation jails.
100. Indicate some of the consequences of our high rates of incarceration.
For many observers, especially those who support the crime control theory of
o
criminal justice, America’s high rate of incarceration has contributed