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1. Which goal of corrections focuses on preparing the offender for a return to the community unmarred by further
criminal behavior?
a. deterrence b. diversion
c. incapacitation d. reintegration
2. A strategy to keep those offenders who qualify away from prison and jail and toward community-based and
intermediate sanctions is:
a. deterrence. b. diversion.
c. incapacitation. d. reintegration.
3. Reintegration has a strong theoretical basis in the philosophy of punishment.
a. retributive b. incapacitative
c. deterrence d. rehabilitative
4. The most common form of punishment in the United States is:
a. imprisonment. b. probation.
c. community service. d. restitution.
5. What is a judicially imposed condition in which an offender is sentenced after being convicted of a crime, but is not
required to begin serving the sentence immediately?
a. community corrections b. probation
c. split sentence probation d. suspended sentence
6. In , also known as shock probation, the offender is sentenced to a specific amount of time in prison or jail, to
be followed by a period of probation.
a. intermittent incarceration b. shock incarceration
c. suspended sentence d. split sentence probation
7. Which of the following reasons could contribute to an offender being denied probation?
a. conviction of multiple charges
b. on parole at the time of he or she arrest
c. using a weapon during the commission of a crime
d. all of these
8. In general, the conditions placed on a probationer fall into three categories. Which of the following is not one of
these conditions?
a. cumulative conditions b. punitive conditions
c. standard conditions d. treatment conditions
9. Conditions imposed on all probationers are:
a. community. b. punitive.
c. standard. d. treatment.
10. Failing to report a change of address is a violation, which may result in revocation of probation.
a. common b. punitive
c. standard d. technical
11. During this hearing, the probation agency presents evidence to support its claim of violation, and the probationer can
attempt to refute this evidence.
a. preliminary hearing b. revocation hearing
c. preliminary sentencing d. revocation sentencing
12. In which case did the Court rule that probationers were entitled to an attorney during the revocation process?
a. Morrisey v. Brewer b. Gagnon v. Scarpelli
c. Minnesota v. Murphy d. Mempa v. Rhay
13. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor of recidivism?
a. Antisocial personality patterns
b. Procriminal attitudes
c. Lack of education
d. Social supports for crime
14. About of parolees return to prison before the end of their parole period, mostly because they were
convicted of a new offense or had their parole revoked.
a. a quarter
b. half
c. a third
d. two thirds
15. A process by which the government seizes private property attached to criminal activity is:
a. community service. b. fines.
c. forfeiture. d. restitution.
16. Which of the following is NOT one of the options of intermediate sanctions that judges have in sentencing?
a. community service b. fines
c. imprisonment d. restitution
17. Which of the following is true regarding intermediate sanctions?
a. Intermediate sanctions are less restrictive than probation and more restrictive than imprisonment.
b. Intermediate sanctions provide a number of additional sentencing options for wrongdoers who require stricter
supervision than that supplied by standard probation.
c. Intermediate sanctions are not designed to match specific punishment and treatment of an individual offender
with a corrections program that reflects the offender's situation.
d. Intermediate sanctions are not intended to alleviate pressure on overcrowded facilities and understaffed
probation departments.
18. What is an alternative to trial offered by a judge or prosecutor, in which the offender agrees to participate in a
specified counseling treatment program in return for withdrawal of the charges?
a. day reporting center b. home confinement
c. pretrial diversion program d. probation office
19. If an offender chooses to attend drug court, they place themselves in the hands of a who will enforce a
mixture of treatment and sanctions in an attempt to cure their addiction.
a. judge b. jury
c. probation officer d. prosecutor
20. On successful completion of a drug court program, the offender is usually rewarded by:
a. having all charges against him or her dropped.
b. spending a limited time in jail.
c. spending a limited time in prison.
d. spending a limited time on probation.
21. A community-based corrections center to which offenders report on a daily basis for the purpose of treatment,
education, and incapacitation is a:
a. day reporting center. b. treatment center.
c. pretrial diversion program. d. probation office.
22. Day reporting centers were first used in:
a. Norway. b. United States.
c. Australia. d. Great Britain.
23. A majority of states limit intensive supervision probation to offenders who:
a. do not have a previous conviction.
b. do not have a prior probation violation.
c. do not have a drug problem.
d. do not have a job.
24. A punishment-oriented form of probation in which the offender is placed under stricter and more frequent
surveillance and control than conventional probation by probation officers with limited caseloads is a(n):
a. day reporting center. b. home confinement.
c. intensive supervision probation. d. pretrial diversion program.
25. Offenders sentenced to shock incarceration usually spend in prison or jail before being released and
resentenced to probation.
a. 90 days b. 6 months
c. 9 months d. 1 year
26. Which form of shock incarceration was modeled after military basic training, emphasizing strict discipline, manual
labor, and physical training?
a. boot camp b. intensive supervision probation
c. pretrial diversion program d. scared straight
27. Scared straight and boot camp are two forms of .
a. home confinement b. intensive supervision probation
c. pretrial diversion programming d. shock incarceration
28. A community-based sanction in which offenders serve their terms of incarceration in their homes is called:
a. home confinement. b. intensive supervision probation.
c. pretrial diversion program. d. shock incarceration.
29. What level of home monitoring requires the offender to remain home at all times, save for medical emergencies?
a. curfew b. home detention
c. home incarceration d. home probation
30. What type of electronic monitoring involves an offender being contacted periodically by telephone or beeper to
verify his or her whereabouts?
a. programmed contact b. programmed dialers
c. receiver-contacts d. receiver-dialers
31. The most restrictive level of home monitoring is:
a. curfew. b. home detention.
c. home incarceration. d. electronic monitoring.
32. What level of home monitoring requires offenders to be in their homes at specific hours, usually at night?
a. curfew b. home detention
c. home incarceration d. home probation
33. What type of electronic monitoring involves an offender wearing a device around the wrist, ankle, or neck, which
sends out a continuous signal?
a. programmed contact b. programmed dialers
c. continuous signaling d. continuous dialers
34. What level of home monitoring requires that offenders remain home at all times, with exceptions being made for
education, employment, counseling, or other specified activities such as the purchase of food, or in some instances
attendance at religious ceremonies?
a. curfew b. home detention
c. home incarceration d. home probation
35. The criticism that intermediate sanctions designed to divert offenders from prison actually increase the number of
citizens who are under the control and surveillance of the American corrections system is known as what?
a. diversion b. reintegration
c. scared straight d. widening the net
Case 10-1
Scott is a 24-year-old high school dropout. He has been in and out of trouble with the law since he was a teenager,
committing mostly public nuisance offenses such as disorderly conduct and public intoxication. His girlfriend just
broke up with him because he had no ambition in his life and she did not want to take care of him. She threw him
out of her apartment. Scott just agreed to plead guilty for the crime of burglary after he broke into his exgirlfriend’s
car to steal the change that she keeps in the cup-holder.
36. The prosecutor in the case expresses concern that Scott is headed down the wrong path and suggests a little prison
time would shake him up. The defense attorney in the case believes that it is not necessary to imprison Scott for
this offense. Even though the law states that Scott can serve up to 5 years in a state prison for his offense, his
attorney believes that prison resources are too scarce and that Scott is an offender who qualifies for a community-
based sanction. This practice is known as:
a. diversion.
b. incapacitation.
c. reintegration.
d. specific deterrence.
37. The prosecutor in this case is adamant that Scott serve some jail time. In the plea discussions, the prosecutor
suggests that Scott agree to spend 90 days in jail and then he will automatically serve a 2-year probation sentence.
This suggested sentence is known as:
a. boot camp.
b. shock incarceration.
c. shock probation.
d. suspended sentence.
38. The defense attorney is worried that sending Scott to jail will only make Scott’s situation worse. While his court
case was pending, Scott got a job at a local grocery store and has started to clean up his act. The defense attorney
would prefer that if Scott were to plead guilty to the offense, he would not be required to serve any jail time
immediately. He prefers that Scott be given a chance to prove himself and only have to serve time in jail if he
reoffends. This type of sentence is known as a(n):
a. boot camp.
b. shock incarceration.
c. shock probation.
d. suspended sentence.
39. The judge has scheduled a conference in his chambers with the prosecutor and the defense attorney. He instructs
the two attorneys that he wants a plea deal with an agreed upon sentence the next morning. The judge explains to
the prosecutor that many offenders are placed on probation for the same offense that Scott committed and never
serve any jail or prison time. The judge further explains that if Scott is placed on probation he will require that Scott
attend alcohol counseling and anger-control therapy. These conditions that the judge orders are referred to as:
a. punitive conditions.
b. rehabilitative conditions.
c. standard conditions.
d. treatment conditions.
40. The parties finally agree and Scott is sentenced to 3 years of probation with no jail time. The judge informs Scott at
his sentencing that he must meet all the required conditions of his probation. These conditions include refraining
from all criminal activity, staying employed, attending all required meetings with his probation officer, and reporting
all address changes. Failing to report a change of address would be considered a(n):
a. extralegal violation.
b. legal violation.
c. standard violation.
d. technical violation.
Case 10-2
Sandra was recently released from a juvenile detention facility. She was serving time for theft, burglary, and
assault. Sandra was in a well-known street gang. To celebrate her release from the juvenile facility and her 18th
birthday, Sandra decided it would be fun to carjack a car with her gang member friends. She took a gun from her
older brother. On the evening of the carjacking, Sandra and a fellow gang member approached a car that was being
driven by an elderly woman. Sandra pointed the gun at the woman through the driver’s side window and screamed
for her to get out of the car. When the victim opened her door, Sandra pulled her out of the car and pushed her on
the ground. Sandra jumped into the driver’s seat of the vehicle while Sandra’s friend jumped into the passenger side
of the car. They drove around for a couple of hours before crashing the car into a tree and fleeing the scene.
Sandra’s fingerprints were found on the vehicle and the victim identified Sandra as the offender from a photo
lineup. Sandra was brought into custody and charged with an armed carjacking. Because of previous violent felony
convictions, Sandra is looking at being charged under habitual offender laws. She can potentially get a 25-year
prison sentence.
41. If Sandra is convicted, what would be the most likely reason that she would be denied probation?
a. Sandra is a female.
b. Sandra is only 18 years old.
c. Sandra used a weapon during the commission of the crime.
d. Sandra was in a gang.
42. Because Sandra is young and this is her first felony conviction as an adult, the judge is reluctant to sentence her to
prison because he thinks it would be too harsh and counterproductive. However, he thinks that she requires stricter
supervision than supplied by probation. What would be a likely sentence for Sandra in this situation?
a. atypical sanctions
b. intermediate sanctions
c. special sanctions
d. technical sanctions
43. At sentencing, Sandra’s defense attorney suggests a punishment-oriented form of probation where she will be
placed under strict and more frequent surveillance than conventional probation. This punishment is known as:
a. intensive supervision probation.
b. intermediate supervision probation.
c. shock supervision probation.
d. extreme supervision probation.
44. The prosecutor demands that Sandra be required to remain at home at all times and only be allowed to leave her
home for medical emergencies. This type of sentence is referred to as:
a. curfew.
b. home detention.
c. home incarceration.
d. shock incarceration.
45. While Sandra is serving her sentence in the community, she failed to satisfy the conditions of her probation
sentence. What would be the first stage in her probation revocation?
a. preliminary hearing
b. revocation hearing
c. revocation sentencing
d. trial
46. Community-based corrections programs are more cost efficient than incarceration.
a. True
b. False
47. Community-based corrections are an important means of diverting criminals to alternative modes of punishment so
that scarce incarceration resources are consumed by only the most dangerous criminals.
a. True
b. False
48. Probation is the least common form of punishment in the United States.
a. True
b. False
49. Split sentence probation is also known as shock probation.
a. True
b. False
50. Every nonviolent offender is eligible for probation.
a. True
b. False
51. Anger-control therapy is an example of a punitive condition of probation.
a. True
b. False
52. In larger jurisdictions, the same probation officers prepare the presentence investigative report and supervise
offenders.
a. True
b. False
53. In the absence of trust, most probation officers rely on their authority to guide an offender successfully through the
sentence.
a. True
b. False
54. The ideal probation officer-offender relationship is based on supervision and authority.
a. True
b. False
55. Conditions such as fines, restitution, and drug testing are considered standard conditions of probation.
a. True
b. False
56. An offender is most likely to be denied probation if he or she seriously injured the victim of the crime.
a. True
b. False
57. Probationers who commit technical violations are very likely to have their probation revoked.
a. True
b. False
58. Most of the rules of evidence that govern regular trials do not play a role in revocation hearings.
a. True
b. False
