60. Different societies can have vastly different ideas of what constitutes criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
61. The two most common models of how society decides which acts are criminal are the crime control and due
process models.
a. True
b. False
62. Morals are principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society.
a. True
b. False
63. In some instances criminal law can be determined by a powerful minority.
a. True
b. False
64. In very personal crimes like rape and assault, victims and relatives are able to prosecute the offender instead of
public officials.
a. True
b. False
65. Deviance is an objective concept; society agrees on which behaviors should be criminalized.
a. True
b. False
66. All deviant acts are criminal and all crimes are deviant.
a. True
b. False
67. Justice is an easy concept to define.
a. True
b. False
68. Under the concept of federalism, government powers are shared by the federal government and the states.
a. True
b. False
69. The bulk of all police officers are employed at the federal level.
a. True
b. False
70. Laws differ across states.
a. True
b. False
71. The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the chief of police.
a. True
b. False
72. The scope and size of the federal government’s participation in the criminal justice system has expanded over the
past several decades.
a. True
b. False
73. Federal law takes priority over local and state criminal law.
a. True
b. False
74. The United States has a dual court system; that is, we have two independent judicial systems, the federal level and
the state level.
a. True
b. False
75. The most frequent type of release from a jail or prison is probation, in which an inmate, after serving part of his
term in a correctional facility, is allowed to serve the rest of his term in the community.
a. True
b. False
76. Probation is the most common correctional treatment.
a. True
b. False
77. Discretion is associated with the informal criminal justice process.
a. True
b. False
78. Police have become smarter and more disciplined over the past two decades.
a. True
b. False
79. The number of gangs has decreased since 2003.
a. True
b. False
80. Most gang-related homicides are not crime-related.
a. True
b. False
81. All drugs affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
a. True
b. False
82. Psychoactive drugs affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
a. True
b. False
83. The due process model focuses more on the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police,
courts, and corrections.
a. True
b. False
84. Due to America’s counterterrorism strategies, the risk of a spectacular attack in the homeland has significantly
decreased since 9/11.
a. True
b. False
85. A is defined as wrong against society proclaimed by law and, if committed under certain
circumstances, punishable by society.
86. _________is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.
87. The three main institutions of the criminal justice system are , , and
_________________.
88. Criminal reflects those acts that we, as a society, agree are so unacceptable that steps must be taken to
prevent them from occurring.
89. Justice is the quality of that must exist in the processes designed to determine whether individuals are
guilty of criminal wrongdoing.
90. The framers of the U.S. Constitution, fearful of tyranny and a too-powerful central government, chose the system
of as a compromise.
91. The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the .
92. The two types of state law enforcement agencies are __________ and ______________.
93. The combines the police powers of 24 federal agencies to protect the United States
from terrorist attacks.
94. The two levels of the dual court system are the and .
95. The criminal court work group consists of the , , and .
96. Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, he or she is delegated to the system.
97. is the most common correctional treatment.
98. hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences.
99. We refer to our law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional facilities as part of a .
100. is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on
personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information.
101. The criminal justice system relies on the discretion of individuals to offset the rigidity of criminal
statutes and procedural rules.
102. Discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce an
that does not operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws.
103. thinking is needed for an ethical response.
104. are the moral principles that govern a person’s perception of right and wrong.
105. The model places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power
of the government.
106. is the effort by a government to regulate or control the sale of guns.
107. Police investigators are enjoying the benefits of perhaps the most effective new crime-fighting tool since fingerprint
identification: .
108. consist of any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior. In particular, an
illegal substance with those properties.
109. A is a group of people, usually three or more, who share a common identity and engage
in illegal activity.
110. Civil liberties are the personal rights and protections guaranteed by the .
111. is the use of threat of violence to achieve political objectives.
112. Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal.
113. Describe the four goals of the criminal justice system.
114. List and describe the essential elements of the corrections system.
115. Discuss the concept of federalism and how it affects the organization and structure of the criminal justice system.
116. Compare and contrast the three levels of law enforcement.
117. Explain the difference between the informal and the formal criminal justice processes.
118. Explain what discretion is and how it creates two different criminal justice systems.
119. List the four types of discretionary decisions made by judges. How does discretion impact fairness and justice?
120. Explain the pitfalls of discretion.
121. Define ethics and discuss how ethics in criminal justice are related to the concept of justice.
122. Contrast the crime control and due process models of criminal justice. In your opinion, which of the two best
represents the ideal American criminal justice system, and why?