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True / False
1. The correctional system has no significant relationship to the outside community in which it functions.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Communism is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are split between individual state
governments and one national government.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Most prisoners in the United States are housed in federal correctional facilities.
a.
True
b.
False
5. One of the major issues plaguing corrections is goal conflict. This conflict centers on the different and conflicting views
of how and why correctional functions should be carried out.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The Positivist School of criminology is centered upon the idea that an individual freely chooses to commit crime, thus
the act not the actor is the most important factor in understanding the causes of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Until the early 1800s in the United States, correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment
to penalize criminal behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The religious group known as the Puritans was primarily responsible for the creation and implementation of the
Pennsylvania system of corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The New York system of corrections, implemented first in the Auburn State Prison, was founded upon the idea of
complete solitary confinement of inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The community model of corrections continues to dominate how we punish most felony offenders in the United
States.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Evidence-based corrections is a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research
evidence about what works.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Correctional officers often report that the aspect of their work they like best is working with people who are in trouble
and who want to improve their lives.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Probation and parole officers frequently report that their original decision to work in these jobs stems from their desire
to punish people for criminal acts.
a.
True
b.
False
14. It has been estimated that almost 20 percent of people born in 2001 will go to prison at some time during their lives.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Today, pretrial drug treatment, work center, electronically monitored home confinement, and restitution are activities
found under the heading of corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. Nearly ___________ of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control.
a.
one-third
b.
one-half
c.
one-quarter
d.
one-sixth
17. Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in
a.
prisons and probation.
b.
prisons and jails.
c.
jails and probation.
d.
probation and parole.
18. From the earliest accounts of human history, punishment has been used as a means of ______________, forcing
people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.
a.
public awareness
b.
social control
c.
social ritual
d.
public spectacle
19. Roughly 70 percent of those under correctional control in the United States are currently serving the sentence in what
ways?
a.
prison and jails
b.
probation and parole
c.
jails and parole
d.
prison and house arrest
20. The central purpose of corrections is to _____________.
a.
determine guilt or innocence
b.
incarcerate offenders
c.
carry out the criminal sentence
d.
rehabilitate offenders
21. Your authors refer to corrections as a(n) ____________, a complex whole, consisting of interdependent parts whose
operations are directed toward common goals, and that is directly influenced by its environment.
a.
structure
b.
system
c.
organism
d.
organization
22. Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in a jail or prison?
a.
two million
b.
five million
c.
seven million
d.
eight million.
23. In the United States today, more felons are being sentenced to _____________ instead of _____________.
a.
parole; prison
b.
probation; prison
c.
parole; probation
d.
prison; probation
24. Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are __________, meaning that each process affects another part
of the criminal justice system in some way.
a.
retributive
b.
interconnected
c.
conflicting
d.
punitive
25. The twin goals of corrections are punishment and ________.
a.
protection
b.
retribution
c.
rehabilitation
d.
deterrence
26. According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the three P's of corrections?
a.
parole
b.
prisons
c.
punishment
d.
probation
27. The majority of correctional activity takes place at the ________ level.
a.
federal
b.
state
c.
local
d.
county
28. Nearly 40 percent of all offenders are under the correctional control of four states (the Big Four of corrections). Which
of the following is NOT one of these states?
a.
Texas
b.
Oklahoma
c.
Florida
d.
New York
29. In the United States, jails are operated mainly by what level of government?
a.
federal
b.
state
c.
county
d.
city
30. ____________ is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between one national
government and multiple state governments.
a.
a monarchy
b.
a democracy
c.
federalism
d.
communism
31. During the colonial period, jails were mainly used to house ______________.
a.
those convicted of misdemeanors
b.
those held pending a court appearance
c.
those convicted of felonies
d.
those convicted of capital murder
32. In 1790, the first recognized penitentiary was created in which US city?
a.
Washington D.C.
b.
Boston
c.
New York
d.
Philadelphia
33. The opening of the _____________ State penitentiary in 1829 in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania, marked the full
development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of separate confinement.
a.
Western
b.
Eastern
c.
Auburn
d.
Sing Sing
34. Many of the ideas, practices, and principles that are the foundation of the American criminal justice system were
adopted from what country?
a.
France
b.
Spain
c.
England
d.
Ireland
35. A ________________ is a correctional facility used to house pretrial detainees and those sentenced for minor
offenses.
a.
prison
b.
reformatory
c.
halfway house
d.
jail
36. The congregate system, which emphasizes isolation of inmates in individual cells at night but permits them to work
together in silence during the day, was first adopted in which US state?
a.
Maryland
b.
New York
c.
Pennsylvania
d.
Massachusetts
37. Prior to individual statehood, the very first prison facilities in the West were operated by ______________________.
a.
the Mexican government
b.
the US military
c.
tribal authorities
d.
private businesses
38. In 1870 the National Prison Association held its historical meeting in what US city? It was during this meeting that the
famous Declaration of Principles was proposed.
a.
Philadelphia
b.
New York
c.
Boston
d.
Cincinnati
39. The ____________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by
greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
a.
due process
b.
community
c.
medical
d.
crime-control
40. Which of the following events was instrumental in the move towards the community-corrections movement in the
United States?
a.
the inmate riot that occurred in September 1971 at the Attica State Prison in New York
b.
research findings in the 1980s that indicated that only 5 percent of state correctional budgets were allocated for
rehabilitation
c.
research findings in the 1950s that disputed the use of medicine and science to treat offenders’ behavior
d.
the advancements in the field of social work that had been achieved by the 1960s
41. Which is not a basic concept of Western criminal law?
a.
offense
b.
guilt
c.
punishment
d.
death
42. When most Americans think of corrections, they think of
a.
prison and jail.
b.
probation and jail.
c.
parole and jail.
d.
prison and parole.
43. Which of the following is not a corrections subunit?
a.
halfway house
b.
prison
c.
probation office
d.
law enforcement
44. The system where inmates were held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day is known as the
a.
congregate system.
b.
separate and together system.
c.
interaction system.
d.
public system.
45. As community corrections evolved, prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered
with the offender's ability to develop
a.
a crime-free lifestyle.
b.
friendships.
c.
social skills.
d.
an interest in treatment.
Josh was sentenced for a felony-level theft-of-a-motor vehicle offense in Florida. He was sentenced to serve 20 months in
custody in a facility located in Florida. The philosophy at the time Josh was sentenced was that criminal behavior can be
controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
46. What type of facility will Josh serve his sentence in?
a.
mental hospital
b.
jail
c.
prison
d.
day reporting center
47. What level of government runs the facility Josh is housed in?
a.
state
b.
city
c.
national
d.
international
48. Josh was released due to good behavior after he served 15 months of his sentence. What type of supervision was Josh
on?
a.
parole
b.
probation
c.
shock probation
d.
none; his entire sentence was served
49. What model of corrections was used at the time Josh was sentenced?
a.
The crime-control model
b.
The medical model
c.
The community-corrections model
d.
The Auburn system
Eva was convicted of a misdemeanor drug offense. She was given a 15-day sentence that she will serve before being
placed in a halfway house. She was also placed on supervision for one year. The goal is to successfully reintegrate Eva
into the community.
50. What type of facility will Eva serve her sentence in?
a.
jail
b.
prison
c.
day-reporting center
d.
mental hospital
51. Placement in a halfway house is an example of the use of
a.
intermediate sanctions.
b.
sentence disparity.
c.
parole services.
d.
discrimination.
52. What type of supervision is Eva on?
a.
probation
b.
parole
c.
none
d.
pretrial diversion
53. Based on the scenario about Eva, what corrections model was used when her sentence was imposed?
a.
The community-corrections model
b.
The crime-control model
c.
The medical model
d.
The Auburn system
Ike served time in a system where he was held in isolation at night but worked in the worked in the workshop during the
day.
54. What system was Ike sentenced under?
a.
congregate system
b.
community-corrections model
c.
medical model
d.
segregation system
55. Based on the information in the scenario, what state did Ike serve his time in.
a.
Florida
b.
California
c.
Minnesota
d.
New York
Completion
56. ____________refers to the actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity.
57. The states of __________ and Texas have the largest prison populations in the United States.
58. The twin goals of corrections are _____________ and protection.
59. A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and
individual state governments is known as ____________.
60. Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the __________ they receive.
61. ____________ is a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including
the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of their sentence.
62. __________________ are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional
probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.
63. The _________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social,
psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.
64. The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to the _____________ model of corrections.
65. An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds,
repent, and undergo reformation was called a _____________.
66. The US corrections system has seen a period of extraordinary steady growth for more than a __________________.
67. In addition to protecting society, _______________ helps define the limits of behavior so that everyone in the
community understands what is permissible.
68. Corrections can be viewed as a series of ____________________.
69. Most criminal justice and correctional activity takes place at the ___________ level.
70. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours is
known as a ________.
71. Most jails are administered by ____________ governments.
72. A prison is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually __________.
73. During the colonial period, little thought was given to ____________ offenders.
74. In the __________ system, penalties would be graded according to the severity of the crime and offenders would be
released from incarceration according to their performance.
75. A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about what works is
known as ___________________ corrections.
76. Please define the following terms: (1) Probation and (2) Parole. What are the major similarities and differences
between the two sanctions? How are these sanctions commonly used in the United States today? Please explain your
answer.
77. Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give
an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.
78. What do the authors mean by a systems concept of corrections? How does this framework enhance and yet complicate
our understanding of corrections?
79. Compare and contrast the early Pennsylvania and New York penitentiary systems.
80. Discuss the events that lead to the crime-control model. Explain how community corrections and evidence-based
corrections fit into this model.
