Along with other distinct traits robust australopithecines had __________ adapted for
grinding food.
a. large premolars and molars
b. large temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest
c. large front teeth and small back teeth
d. both a. and b.
Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through
all of the following social strategies EXCEPT:
a. infanticide.
b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls.
c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group
d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
Malaria is caused by:
a. bites from infected mosquitoes.
b. a genetic mutation.
c. drinking bad water.
d. eating spoiled food.
Researchers have discovered a genetic _________likely related to increased resistance
to smallpox and plague in Europe about 5,000 years ago that reduces susceptibility
to_________.
a. anomaly; smallpox
b. trait; sickle-cell
c. mutation; HIV infection
d. locus; HIV infection
Cavities in the teeth are caused by:
a. hypoplasias.
b. enamel defects.
c. dentin foramina.
d. dental caries.
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in
a higher taxonomic group (primates) was:
a. Charles Darwin.
b. Georges Cuvier.
c. Carolus Linnaeus.
d. Robert Hooke.
The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive
ways.
A common basis for adaptation to changing circumstances in humans is:
a. biological.
b. genetic.
c. technological.
d. none of the above
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which species?
a. baboon
b. gibbon
c. orangutan
d. chimpanzee
Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution; however, they
all lacked:
a. the longevity necessary for evolution to take place.
b. a basic understanding of inheritance.
c. an understanding of variation.
d. a mechanism for evolution.
The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:
a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.
b. poor speech and excessive eating habits.
c. poor reading comprehension.
d. inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
a. the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
b. lessons taught by primatologists.
c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
d. individual factors, as in humans.
Both genetic mutation and selection have recently been linked to the development of
pale skin in:
a. ancient Asian populations.
b. ancient African populations.
c. relatively recent European farming populations.
d. ancient European populations.
The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
a. 12,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
c. 40,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
In a classroom taste test for PTC the genotype frequency was determined to be P .35
and Q .65. After applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the percentage of genotypes
was found to be as follows:
a. p20.12; 2pq 0.46; q20.42.
b. p20.35; 2pq 0.00; q20.65.
c. p20.12; 2pq 0.65; q20.23.
d. p20.20; 2pq 0.20; q20.60.
Apes first appear in Europe and Asia from about:
a. 17 mya.
b. 6 mya.
c. 10 mya.
d. 12 mya.
What is the difference in the living record between human and nonhuman birth?
a. There is no difference.
b. The nonhuman infant’s head has a different orientation throughout the delivery.
c. Human births require assistance by others.
d. both b. and c.
Thomas Hunt Morgan:
a. demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes.
b. studied mutations in Homo sapiens.
c. thought change was gradual and occurred over long time periods.
d. none of the above
Of the 7.1 billion people living in the world today, nearly_________ suffer from
malnutrition.
a. 1 billion
b. 3 million
c. 6 million
d. 10 million
Abundant evidence indicates:
a. that humans are no longer evolving.
b. that humans continue to evolve.
c. that human evolution is not affected by changes in the environment .
d. none of the above
The obesity pandemic is due to:
a. the increased ability to produce and consume inexpensive, high-fat foods.
b. a lack of physical exercise.
c. a combination of lower calories and more exercise.
d. the production of high-calorie foods even though people still have a high exercise
level.
Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate
that their average height was:
a. more than 70 percent taller than Homo habilis.
b. similar to that of australopithecines.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
d. three feet.
What effect does natural selection have on population variation?
a. It increases variation.
b. It decreases variation.
c. It both increases and decreases variation.
d. It does not affect variation.
Australopithecus robustus‘s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles)
indicate an adaptation:
a. to eating hard food with sand in it.
b. to eating a great deal of red meat.
c. to eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
d. to gnawing on bones.
Agricultural foods shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on:
a. carbohydrates.
b. high levels of fat.
c. poorer quality protein.
d. both a. and c.
__________ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans
require in their diet:
a. Heme
b. Nonheme
c. Flat
d. Raw
An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the
deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore:
a. homozygous dominant.
b. homozygous recessive.
c. heterozygous.
d. haplozygous.
The masticatory-functional hypothesis:
a. states that over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
b. states that tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. states that change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the
chewing muscles.
d. states that tooth and jaw size increased over time.
Functional adaptation:
a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
b. occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d. includes both developmental adaptation and acclimatization.
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
a. They are not diverse.
b. They welcome newcomers as humans do.
c. They are highly diverse.
d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:
a. have more teeth.
b. have better color vision.
c. are less dimorphic sexually.
d. have a smaller brain relative to body size.
The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the:
a. semichron.
b. middlemorph.
c. demidose.
d. half-life.
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:
a. colobus monkeys.
b. chimpanzees.
c. lemurs.
d. howler monkeys.
Transfer RNA:
a. seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons.
b. contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids.
c. brings amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.
d. all of the above
The transition to fully modern Homo sapiens was completed globally by about:
a. 40,000 yBP.
b. 1.6 mya.
c. 160,00 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.