Prior to the reform movement in the 1800s, women in Europe and the United States
were:
a. segregated from males and other prisoners in jails but not prisons.
b. segregated in prisons but not jails.
c. not given corporal punishment as men were.
d. housed with men and other prisoners and treated as they were.
In prison terminology the “fish” is a(n):
a. career criminal.
b. newcomer.
c. gang member.
d. elderly inmate.
The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?
a. First
b. Fourth
c. Eighth
d. Fourteenth
In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled that the detainees at Guantanamo Bay are
entitled to:
a. a lawyer.
b. challenge the conditions of their confinement.
c. one hour of exercise a day.
d. file writs of habeas corpus.
During the Refuge Period the first institution where delinquent, abused, and neglected
children could learn good work and study habits, live in a disciplined an healthy
environment, and develop character was the House of Refuge in:
a. Pennsylvania
b. Massachusetts
c. New York
d. New Jersey
Ideas of the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:
a. human nature.
b. forces in the environment.
c. biology.
d. sin.
_________ are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have
total control over the inmates.
a. Deliberations
b. Negotiations
c. Discussions
d. Mediation
At least _________ people are detained in a jail at some time during the year.
a. 2 to 3 million
b. 4 to 6 million
c. 7 to 8 million
d. 10 million
Recently, there has been a major emphasis on programs to __________ offenders
awaiting trial.
a. treat
b. convict
c. sentence
d. release
The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation
with a new emphasis on:
a. power.
b. authority.
c. individual rights.
d. public safety.
Inmates who are released from any further correctional supervision and cannot be
returned to prison for their current offense have been given.
a. conditional releases
b. expiration releases
c. mandatory releases
d. none of these
Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by
detention in prison, is:
a. deterrence.
b. retribution.
c. incapacitation.
d. rehabilitation.
Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:
a. professional.
b. street-level bureaucrats.
c. having a thankless job.
d. none of the above.
Experts usually cite _________ as reasons wrongful convictions occur.
a. plea-bargaining pressures
b. community pressure
c. eyewitness error
d. all of these
A majority of inmates under correctional authority have a history of
________problems.
a. mental health
b. diabetic
c. HIV/AIDS
d. All of these
Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to
discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as:
a. specific deterrence.
b. specific retribution
c. general deterrence.
d. general rehabilitation.
Research has shown that post-release supervision is __________ in its effectiveness.
a. Excellent
b. Poor
c. Limited
d. none of these
The “congregate” system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:
a. Walnut Street Jail.
b. Sing Sing Penitentiary.
c. Eastern Penitentiary.
d. Auburn Penitentiary.
The number of people under correctional control currently totals over:
a. 2 million.
b. 4 million.
c. 7 million.
d. 9 million.
The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:
a. sophisticated.
b. uncertain.
c. unlikely.
d. predictable.
Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. This is referred to as:
a. criminal disability.
b. civil death.
c. pervasive disability.
d. disenfranchisement.
The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based
on:
a. medical issues
b. complaints to internal affairs
c. visits from family
d. vocational programs
A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a:
a. child molester.
b. rapist.
c. a social deviant.
d. sex offender.
Implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. They include wider
nets, stronger nets, and __________.
a. flatter nets
b. taller nets
c. weaker nets
d. different nets
Since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has:
a. declined.
b. increased.
c. stabilized.
d. diminished.
The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of
the:
a. 1970s.
b. 1980s.
c. 1990s.
d. 2000s.
At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:
a. crime control.
b. rehabilitation.
c. treatment.
d. restitution.
Which statement is not an argument made towards the subject of preventive detention.
a. It may violate the due process provisions of the Constitution.
b. It is typically employed only against property offenders.
c. It is impractical and can be potentially nefarious.
d. It is difficult to identify those individuals for whom this concept would most aptly
apply.
Over the past 40 years, federal courts, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and affirmative action
programs have dramatically changed the __________composition of the correctional
officer force
a. psychological and emotional.
b. geographic.
c. age and size
d. racial and gender.
Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony believed the child was:
a. sweet and basically good.
b. incorrigible.
c. rude and crude.
d. evil and in need of discipline.
Approximately how many juvenile offenders are referred to juvenile court each year?
a. 550,000
b. 1.6 million
c. 1 million
d. more than 2 million
The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several locations, however one
became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement.
a. Maryland
b. NY State Penitentiary, Auburn
c. New Jersey
d. Eastern State Penitentiary
How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?
a. People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
b. During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on
a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
c. The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and
the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
d. All of these
Parole evolved during the:
a. 17th century.
b. 18th century.
c. 19th century.
d. 20th century.
Nearly one quarter of all parolees will fail in the first six months.
Drug crimes are the only place we see discriminatory incarceration rates.
Real money is prohibited in prison.
As soon as a prisoner goes free, his/her punishment is over and done with.
Ethnicity relates to a person’s language, religion, and group traditions.
In Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Supreme Court ruled that the way the death penalty
was administered constituted _____________________________.
Many jails in this country have no viable rehabilitative programs, and have very few
trained personnel to deal with the mental health needs of most offenders.
Formal codes of institutional conduct have emerged only in the last 40 years.
Interest in ____________ waned when the philosophy of corrections swung toward
crime control
Those on probation tend to be low-level offenders.
Community justice is based on the __________ rather than on the ________________.
The ability to influence a person’s actions in a desired direction without resorting to
force is known as _____________.
The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a _____________ model of
corrections.
In Ring v. Arizonathe Supreme Court ruled that ____________must make the factual
decisions as to whether a convicted murderer should receive the punishment of death.
Aggravated and mitigating circumstances are looked at during the sentencing phase of a
bifurcated trial.
The 1960’s and 70’s reflected the dominance of the rehabilitative model toward inmates.