Which of the following is an assumption of Theory X?
a. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest and
the average human being does not inherently dislike work.
b. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has
relatively little ambition, and wants security above all.
c. Under the conditions of modem industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the
average human being are only partially utilized.
d. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination in the solution of
organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.
In companies with excellence as a guiding purpose, .
a. managers and employees are treated as valuable resources.
b. excellence is defined by the customers itself rather than by work.
c. strength and aggressiveness determine the purpose of the organization.
d. discovery for its own sake can serve as a noble purpose.