Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece)
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
1) What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) electrical
2) What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) magnetic
3) What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile
4) Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by _____.
A) periods of food availability
B) periods of daylight and darkness
C) magnetic fields
D) lunar cycles
5) Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the
presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by _____.
A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies
B) performing a round dance
C) performing a waggle dance
D) visual cues
6) Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually _____.
A) visual and auditory
B) tactile and visual
C) olfactory and auditory
D) visual and olfactory
7) A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the
sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go
through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?
A) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that
initiates it.
B) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting
it.
C) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt
to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.
D) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate
stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.
8) A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal
behavior idea is manifested by this observation?
A) sign stimulus
B) cognition
C) imprinting
D) classical conditioning
9) Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop flying in
response to high-intensity bat sounds?
A) Isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight muscle.
B) Play prerecorded high-intensity bat sounds to flying moths.
C) Observe responses of moths to bats in nature.
D) Put bats and moths in an enclosure and make detailed observations of predator-prey
interactions.
10) A lizard’s bobbing dewlap (a colorful flap of skin hanging from an Anolis lizard’s throat) is
an example of a(n) _____.
A) stimulus
B) reflex
C) signal
D) innate releasing mechanism
11) What was the main reason the honeybees switched from the “round dance” to the “waggle
dance”?
A) The waggle dance communicates the presence of nectar.
B) The preferred food source was farther away.
C) The round dance uses too much energy.
D) The round dance did not communicate the quality of the food.
12) From the figure above, what can we determine about the location of the food source?
A) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive.
B) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the hive.
C) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive.
D) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90 degrees to the right of the
Sun.
13) If the figure above shows the dances of bees in a hive at twelve noon on March 21 in the
northern hemisphere, which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of the hive?
A) dance A
B) dance B
C) dance C
D) It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the hive.
14) Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by _____.
I) the stars in the night sky
II) the Sun during the day
III) the magnetic field of the Earth
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III
15) Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate
cause?
A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition.
B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position.
C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day.
D) A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.
16) The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is
ultimately shaped by _____.
A) hormones
B) evolution
C) pheromones
D) the nervous system
17) During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its
forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its
wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex
culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior
might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations?
A) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect.
B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate
causation.
C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not.
D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.
18) Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
A) The behavior is determined entirely by genes.
B) The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population.
C) An individual’s reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.
D) The behavior is not genetically inherited.
19) In testing a hypothesis that “territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action pattern
that is released by the sight of orange feathers,” researchers found that robins defended their
territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an orange patch. What
experiment would you perform next to determine that the color initiated the defense response?
A) Repeat the experiment using a blue patch instead of an orange patch.
B) Repeat the experiment by removing the patch completely.
C) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that was twice the size of a normal robin
but with a small orange patch.
D) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that had an orange patch that was twice
the size of a normal patch.
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct
term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s).
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
20) Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
21) A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the
nipple of its mother’s breast.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
22) A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
23) Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a
few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is
an example of _____.
A) cognition
B) imprinting
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning
24) Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention.
Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior?
A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern.
B) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
C) The dog has been classically conditioned.
D) The dog’s behavior is a result of operant conditioning.
25) Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill
cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because _____.
A) the fostered whooping cranes’ critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted
on different “mothers”
B) sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation
C) none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping
crane
D) sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs
26) White-crowned sparrows can only learn the “crystallized” song for their species by _____.
A) listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a
practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song
B) listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own
species song and not the songs of other songbird species
C) performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is
programmed into the innate behavior for the species
D) observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical
period during their first episode of courtship behavior
27) One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar species is
through the “cross-fostering” experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat
differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How
would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the
curly-whiskered mud rat’s aggression?
A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to
see if any grew up to be aggressive.
B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents and place
newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents. Finally, let some mud rats of both
species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes.
C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their
parents, raise them in the same environment but without parents, and then compare the
outcomes.
D) You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it
triggered an altruistic response.
28) Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors _____.
A) are only weakly influenced by genes
B) occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals
C) are limited to invertebrate animals
D) are expressed in most individuals in a population
29) A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when
breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual _____.
A) addition of new syllables to a canary’s song repertoire
B) crystallization of subsong into adult songs
C) renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors
D) elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year
30) Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only
a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that _____.
A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations
D) members of different populations differ in learning ability
31) You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while
being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you
propose about song learning in this species of bird?
A) Song learning in this species is most likely learned.
B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird’s life.
C) The males will learn song when they congregate with other males of their species during the
winter.
D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.
32) Learning has the most influence on behavior when _____.
A) making mistakes does not result in death
B) animals reproduce asexually
C) animals have enormous cognitive ability
D) making mistakes result in death
33) You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests
that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. What would best explain this observation?
A) Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison.
B) Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to avoid them.
C) Rats are taught by their parents to test small bits of food first and then return later if the food
seems safe.
D) Rats may be able to tolerate large amounts of poison.
34) You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to
hide food. What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this behavior was random
or in response to another signal?
A) Observe more of these behaviors in the wild and try to determine if the behavior is random.
B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviors
with the signals.
C) Attempt to reproduce the behavior in captivity by using bird models and a computer
simulation.
35) You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to
hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals with the frequency of
pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not
perform this pretend caching. How does this information affect your conclusions about this
behavior?
A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned.
B) It prevents you from making conclusions.
C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed.
D) It does not change your initial conclusions.
36) You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You
see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can
probably conclude that the species is _____.
A) polygamous
B) monogamous
C) polyandrous
D) agonistic