Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece)
Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction
1) Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows _____.
A) all types of asexual reproduction
B) fission
C) fragmentation
D) parthenogenesis
2) Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What
type of cell process occurs to generate this type of offspring?
A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) cell fusion
3) What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents?
A) genetic recombination during meiosis
B) genetic recombination during mitosis
C) crossing over during mitosis
D) Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring.
4) Which of the following aspects of eukaryotic reproduction are found only among invertebrate
animals?
A) sexual and asexual reproduction
B) external and internal fertilization
C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis
D) fission and budding
5) On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that are only
female. What type of reproduction does this fish most likely use?
A) sexual
B) budding
C) cloning
D) parthenogenesis
6) Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction?
A) Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.
B) Asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety.
C) Sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.
D) Asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.
7) Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by _____.
A) increasing the body temperature
B) providing access to water for external fertilization
C) increasing ambient temperature most favorable for sex
D) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms
8) Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors
includes _____.
A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate
B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation
C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid
D) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females
9) In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual
reproduction more likely to occur?
A) when conditions for survival are favorable
B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable
C) when males and females find each other
D) What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery.
10) Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than
do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because _____.
A) asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations
on to their offspring
B) sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can
asexually reproducing organisms
C) more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in
those that reproduce sexually
D) asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce
sexually
11) Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction
when _____.
A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying
B) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation
C) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings
D) a species is in stable and favorable environments
12) Sexual reproduction _____.
A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions
B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing
environment
C) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing
habitats
D) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring
13) For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to
sexual reproduction coincides with _____.
A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring
B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring
C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults
D) exhaustion of an individual’s supply of eggs
14) Among non-mammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as
_____.
A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males
B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
C) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes
D) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening
15) Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their
mating partners in _____.
A) their nests
B) the abdominal tract
C) the uterus
D) the spermatheca
16) Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the
following areas?
A) sand dune
B) polar ice sheet
C) shallow lake
D) tallgrass prairie
17) In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal
fertilization. However, internal fertilization typically offers the advantage that _____.
A) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction
B) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental
investment
C) it permits the most rapid population increase
D) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability
18) You decide to study two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs (one male
and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair’s nest are in fact almost always the
offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were
actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous
pairings is widespread in species 2. Given this information, what would be the logical prediction
to make before comparing testes size of males of the two species?
A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2.
B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1.
C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.
19) Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats, which produce an
unusually large number of sperm, increase the probability of conception when females engage in
multiple matings?
I) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating.
II) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last, thus increasing the odds of
conception with that male’s sperm.
A) Only I is correct.
B) Only II is correct.
C) Both I and II are correct.
20) Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in
males?
A) urethra
B) oviduct
C) uterus
D) vagina
21) In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become
_____.
A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses
B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall
D) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus
22) At the time of fertilization, the maturation of the human oogonium has resulted in _____.
A) one secondary oocyte
B) two primary oocytes
C) four secondary oocytes
D) four zygotes
23) In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that _____.
A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during
embryonic development
B) oogenesis produces four functional haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one
functional spermatozoon
C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis
D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth
24) Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they _____.
A) both have the same number of chromosomes
B) are approximately the same size
C) each have a flagellum that provides motility
D) are produced from puberty until death
25) Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and
oogenesis?
A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg
cell.
B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell, while oogenesis results in four mature egg
cells.
C) In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs
once and meiosis twice.
D) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg
cell. In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis
occurs once and meiosis twice.
26) Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue
include the _____.
A) penis and clitoris
B) vas deferens and oviduct
C) testes and ovaries
D) prostate and ovaries
27) Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the _____.
A) vas deferens
B) seminal vesicle
C) urethra
D) ureter
28) Human sperm cells first arise in the _____.
A) prostate gland
B) vas deferens
C) seminiferous tubules
D) epididymis
29) The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely _____.
A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced
B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body
C) greatly reduce the volume of semen
D) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity
30) Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core
temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____.
A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones
B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis
C) reduce the man’s sexual interest
D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis
31) In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
32) In the above figure, which letter points to the cervix?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human male, to
answer the question(s) below.
33) In the above figure, which letter points to the prostate gland?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
34) In the above figure, which letter points to the vas deferens?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
35) For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
A) timing of meiotic divisions
B) functional gametes produced by meiosis
C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
D) different cell types produced by meiosis
36) Which statement about human reproduction is correct?
A) Fertilization occurs in the uterus.
B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures.
C) A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
37) A physician finds that a nine-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is
usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the _____.
A) hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone
B) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of testosterone
C) testes, producing elevated levels of estrogen
D) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone
38) A male’s “primary” sex characteristics include _____.
A) deepening of the voice at puberty
B) development of the seminal vesicles and associated ducts
C) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty
D) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty
39) The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____.
A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive
fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from
the body
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual
cycles
C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual
cycles
D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation
only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation
40) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are _____.
A) follicular → luteal → secretory
B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory
C) follicular → ovulation → luteal
D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation
41) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____.
A) follicular → luteal → secretory
B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory
C) follicular → ovulation → luteal
D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation
42) An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in _____.
A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics
B) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy
C) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium
D) the absence of mammary gland development
43) A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is
an increase in the synthesis and secretion of _____.
A) inhibin
B) testosterone
C) oxytocin
D) progesterone
44) A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is _____.
A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
45) The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____.
A) nourish and protect the egg cell
B) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred
C) stimulate the development of the mammary glands
D) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters
46) Menopause is characterized by _____.
A) the loss of responsiveness by the ovaries to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium
D) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-
breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone
feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your
knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to
promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
47) Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones
would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away?
A) estradiol (estrogen)
B) progesterone
C) luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
48) Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones
would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days?
A) estradiol (estrogen)
B) progesterone
C) luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
49) Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the
action of _____.
A) inhibin
B) luteinizing hormone
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin
50) In excreted urine, a reliable “marker” that a pregnancy has initiated is _____.
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
51) Two contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which block the gametes from
moving to a site where fertilization can occur are _____.
A) the male condom and female condom
B) the male condom and oral contraceptives
C) vasectomy and tubal ligation
D) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant
52) Tubal ligation _____.
A) reduces the incidence of ovulation
B) prevents fertilization by preventing sperm from entering the uterus
C) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra
D) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus
53) A vasectomy _____.
A) eliminates spermatogenesis
B) eliminates testosterone synthesis
C) prevents implantation of an embryo
D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra
54) Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an
injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would _____.
A) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta
B) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles
C) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone
D) be prevented from lactation
55) A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time
for the baby to be delivered. Before performing a cesarean section, the doctor wants to try to
induce labor. Which of the following would she most likely inject?
A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) oxytocin
56) Based on the figure above, showing fetal (A) and adult (B) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation
curves, which of the following conclusions is true?
A) The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus.
B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does.
C) At 50 percent saturation, fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood
will.
D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster
than fetal hemoglobin does.
57) An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the
lining of the uterus. Usually it implants in the oviduct. Which of the following would be the most
likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful?
A) The orientation of the baby would be sideways.
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct.
C) The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus.
D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of
animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation
in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post–
hatching), and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol
(5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water
leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of
males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached
adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in
adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups.
Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a
statistically significant shift in the proportion of females. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B.
Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including
environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-,
juvenile-, and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.)
58) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. What is the
significance of using the concentrations of 5, 25, and 100 ng/l of 17β-estradiol for the dose in
this experiment?
A) These concentrations are similar to those found in many animals.
B) These concentrations are found in the environment.
C) These concentrations are effective, yet not lethal to the fish.
D) These concentrations are standard in toxicology assays.
59) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. You are assigned to
write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency, which needs to decide what level of
17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output. You do not want to make the level any lower than
necessary, because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage.
Given the data presented above, what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent
feminization of fish?
A) 2.5 ng/l
B) 12.5 ng/l
C) 25 ng/l
D) 100 ng/l
60) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the
passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?
A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier.
B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the
fetus.
C) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi, so a barrier is
impossible.
D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate
level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.