Biology & Life Sciences Chapter 34 The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface

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Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece)

Chapter 34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

1) Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life

cycle?

A) jaws

B) post-anal tail

C) four-chambered heart

D) vertebrae

2) Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have

them? Larvae use notochords to _____.

A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.

B) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.

C) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated.

D) organize their nervous systems; adults’ nervous systems are fully developed and do not

change.

3) If a tunicate’s pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble

_____.

A) respiring

B) feeding

C) moving

D) respiring and feeding

4) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____.

A) the digestive system’s opening

B) suspension-feeding devices

C) components of the jaw

D) sites of respiration

5) Which of the following statements would be LEAST acceptable to most zoologists?

A) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years

ago.

B) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the basal

clade of chordates.

C) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.

D) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

6) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

A) lancelets

B) adult tunicates

C) amphibians

D) chondrichthyans

7) Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.

A) jaws adapted for feeding

B) a high degree of cephalization

C) the formation of structures from the neural crest

D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

8) All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.

A) 13 Hox genes

B) 5 Dlx genes

C) 9 Otx genes

D) 7 FOXP2 genes

9) Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

A) a rasping tongue

B) paired fins

C) jaws

D) a well-developed notochord

10) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It

has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a

suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the

following characteristics?

A) legs

B) no jaws

C) an amniotic egg

D) endothermy

11) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.

A) feeding

B) locomotion

C) defense

D) respiration

12) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey

larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental

muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison’s effectiveness in streams

feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are

similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

A) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.

B) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles.

C) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.

D) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

13) To reproduce, many plants produce seeds–structures containing embryonic offspring along

with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent

plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

A) oviparous reproduction

B) ovoviviparous reproduction

C) viviparous reproduction

14) Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A) Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.

B) Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water, while

sharks do not.

C) Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and thus require a high surface-area-to–

volume ratio, while sharks use gills to respire.

D) Sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom, while skates move about mostly

on the ocean bed.

15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned

fishes?

A) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary.

B) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.

C) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations.

D) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

Use the following figure and information to answer the question(s) below.

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are

two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the

physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube

(see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air,

and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by “belching.” The

physoclistous version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas

enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the

swim bladder.

16) The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

_____.

A) effectively circulate its blood

B) use its lateral line system

C) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ

D) not sink

17) Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full of gas?

A) its lateral line system

B) its spiral valve

C) its liver

D) its gills

18) If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its

gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

A) its pectoral fins

B) its lateral line system

C) its caudal (tail) fin

D) its opercula

19) How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A) It allowed for smaller body size.

B) It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.

C) It made additional food sources available.

D) It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.

20) It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes

and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A) Like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction.

B) Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.

C) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems.

D) They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.

21) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

A) lampreys

B) chondrichthyans

C) ray-finned fishes

D) placoderms

22) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and

osteichthyans?

A) a mineralized, bony skeleton

B) opercula

C) a spiral valve intestine

D) a swim bladder

23) Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most

specific).

1. lobe-fins

2. amphibians

3. gnathostomes

4. osteichthyans

5. tetrapods

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2

B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

C) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2

D) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

24) Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless

body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be _____.

A) a lampreys

B) a mammal

C) an amphibian

Use the following description to answer the question(s) below.

While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a

burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-meter-long organism has smooth skin,

which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be

covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of

puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a

legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a

burrow).

25) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having

decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity

remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?

A) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin

B) presence of lungs

C) presence of a nerve cord

D) presence of a digestive system with two openings

26) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right

lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition

exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral

characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as

which of the following?

1. a result of convergent evolution

2. an example of homologous structures

3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan

4. a result of having identical Hox genes

A) 1 only

B) 1 and 3

C) 2 and 3

D) 3 and 4

27) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living

tetrapods?

A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to

those of terrestrial vertebrates

B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages

C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins

D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side

bending typical of fishes

28) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was _____.

A) the appearance of jaws

B) feet with digits

C) the mineralization of the endoskeleton

D) the amniotic egg

29) Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____.

A) show evidence of internal fertilization

B) show evidence of having produced shelled eggs

C) indicate limited adaptation to life on land

D) feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws

Use the following information to asnwer the question(s) below.

Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally

long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a

round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine

leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.

30) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish’s round mouth to analyze their

composition in his mentor’s biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of

the same protein found in tetrapod _____.

A) skin

B) teeth

C) bones

D) cartilage

31) What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

B) Tetrapods can now function with just lungs.

C) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.

D) Embryos are protected from predators.

32) Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

A) the chorion

B) the yolk sac

C) the allantois

D) the amnion

33) The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals

and birds is a result of _____.

A) shared ancestry

B) convergent evolution

C) homology

D) evolutionary divergence

34) Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A) amniotic eggs

B) jaws

C) bone

D) endothermy

35) Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers.

You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to

fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would

these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with _____.

A) flight

B) insulation

C) sexual selection

D) gliding

36) Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by

mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A) endothermy

B) ectothermy

C) amniotic egg

D) terrestrial

37) Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian

lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?

A) presence of teeth

B) presence of four walking limbs

C) ectothermy

D) presence of a notochord

38) Which of these are amniotes?

A) amphibians

B) fishes

C) turtles

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably

the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into

posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled.

Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called

parabronchi.

39) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be

inferred about the air sacs?

A) They must not belong to the respiratory system.

B) They cannot be derived from endoderm.

C) They are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

D) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

40) The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism

possible, at least theoretically?

A) the same as that occurring in fish gills

B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae

C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs

D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills

41) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry

environments?

A) the shelled, amniotic egg

B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature

C) two pairs of appendages

D) a four-chambered heart

42) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

A) lizards

B) crocodiles

C) birds

D) tuataras

43) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the

following structures arose?

1. amniotic egg

2. paired fins

3. jaws

4. swim bladder

5. four-chambered heart

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1

C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

44) Which clade does NOT include humans?

A) lobe-fins

B) diapsids

C) craniates

D) osteichthyans

45) Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the

development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A) a larger brain

B) the formation of compound eyes

C) movement of the eyes to the front of the head

D) diurnal activity

46) What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the

placenta than the mother’s nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of

maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A) Eutheria

B) Marsupiala

C) Monotremata

47) Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear

bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones.

B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones.

C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw.

D) These bones can be observed to move from the evolving jaw to the evolving middle ear in

mammalian embryos.

48) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the

members have fully opposable thumbs?

A) apes

B) Homo

C) anthropoids

D) primates

49) Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a

reptile or a mammal?

A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.

B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.

C) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.

D) Examine the teeth.

50) Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which “strategy”

seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

A) limit litters to a single embryo

B) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about six weeks long)

C) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats

D) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

51) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____.

A) lack nipples

B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus

C) lay eggs

D) are found in Australia and Africa

52) On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the

spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is

significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.

B) It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.

C) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.

D) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a

previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island

of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases

(approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H.

floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that

also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to

coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have

lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years

ago.

53) Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. Which would be the most feasible

method of figuring out to which other hominin species H. floresiensis was most closely related?

A) Compare the type of prey hunted by H. floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other

hominin species.

B) Compare the average body size of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.

C) Compare the skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin

species.

D) Compare the estimated life span of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin

54) In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?

A) lack of a tail

B) eyes on the front of the face

C) bipedal posture

D) opposable thumbs