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Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece)
Chapter 34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
1) Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life
cycle?
A) jaws
B) post-anal tail
C) four-chambered heart
D) vertebrae
2) Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have
them? Larvae use notochords to _____.
A) aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves.
B) stiffen their bodies; in adults, the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
C) induce tissue differentiation; in adults, tissue is already differentiated.
D) organize their nervous systems; adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not
change.
3) If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble
_____.
A) respiring
B) feeding
C) moving
D) respiring and feeding
4) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____.
A) the digestive system's opening
B) suspension-feeding devices
C) components of the jaw
D) sites of respiration
5) Which of the following statements would be LEAST acceptable to most zoologists?
A) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years
ago.
B) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the basal
clade of chordates.
C) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.
D) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.
6) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?
A) lancelets
B) adult tunicates
C) amphibians
D) chondrichthyans
7) Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.
A) jaws adapted for feeding
B) a high degree of cephalization
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest
D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
8) All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.
A) 13 Hox genes
B) 5 Dlx genes
C) 9 Otx genes
D) 7 FOXP2 genes
9) Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
A) a rasping tongue
B) paired fins
C) jaws
D) a well-developed notochord
10) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It
has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a
suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the
following characteristics?
A) legs
B) no jaws
C) an amniotic egg
D) endothermy
11) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.
A) feeding
B) locomotion
C) defense
D) respiration
12) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey
larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental
muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams
feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are
similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?
A) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.
B) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles.
C) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments.
D) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.
13) To reproduce, many plants produce seeds–structures containing embryonic offspring along
with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent
plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?
A) oviparous reproduction
B) ovoviviparous reproduction
C) viviparous reproduction
14) Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?
A) Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.
B) Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water, while
sharks do not.
C) Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and thus require a high surface-area-to-
volume ratio, while sharks use gills to respire.
D) Sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom, while skates move about mostly
on the ocean bed.
15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned
fishes?
A) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary.
B) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.
C) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations.
D) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
Use the following figure and information to answer the question(s) below.
Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are
two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the
physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube
(see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air,
and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The
physoclistous version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas
enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the
swim bladder.
16) The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still
_____.
A) effectively circulate its blood
B) use its lateral line system
C) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ
D) not sink
17) Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full of gas?
A) its lateral line system
B) its spiral valve
C) its liver
D) its gills
18) If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its
gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?
A) its pectoral fins
B) its lateral line system
C) its caudal (tail) fin
D) its opercula
19) How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
A) It allowed for smaller body size.
B) It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
C) It made additional food sources available.
D) It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
20) It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes
and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?
A) Like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.
C) They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems.
D) They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.
21) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
A) lampreys
B) chondrichthyans
C) ray-finned fishes
D) placoderms
22) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and
osteichthyans?
A) a mineralized, bony skeleton
B) opercula
C) a spiral valve intestine
D) a swim bladder
23) Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most
specific).
1. lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4. osteichthyans
5. tetrapods
A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
C) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
D) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
24) Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless
body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be _____.
A) a lampreys
B) a mammal
C) an amphibian
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below.
While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a
burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-meter-long organism has smooth skin,
which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be
covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of
puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a
legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a
burrow).
25) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having
decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity
remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?
A) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin
B) presence of lungs
C) presence of a nerve cord
D) presence of a digestive system with two openings
26) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right
lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition
exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral
characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as
which of the following?
1. a result of convergent evolution
2. an example of homologous structures
3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan
4. a result of having identical Hox genes
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 4
27) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living
tetrapods?
A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to
those of terrestrial vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side
bending typical of fishes
28) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was _____.
A) the appearance of jaws
B) feet with digits
C) the mineralization of the endoskeleton
D) the amniotic egg
29) Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____.
A) show evidence of internal fertilization
B) show evidence of having produced shelled eggs
C) indicate limited adaptation to life on land
D) feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws
Use the following information to asnwer the question(s) below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally
long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a
round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine
leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
30) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish's round mouth to analyze their
composition in his mentor's biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of
the same protein found in tetrapod _____.
A) skin
B) teeth
C) bones
D) cartilage
31) What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?
A) Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
B) Tetrapods can now function with just lungs.
C) Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
D) Embryos are protected from predators.
32) Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
A) the chorion
B) the yolk sac
C) the allantois
D) the amnion
33) The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals
and birds is a result of _____.
A) shared ancestry
B) convergent evolution
C) homology
D) evolutionary divergence
34) Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?
A) amniotic eggs
B) jaws
C) bone
D) endothermy
35) Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers.
You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to
fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would
these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with _____.
A) flight
B) insulation
C) sexual selection
D) gliding
36) Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by
mammals and birds best explains this habit?
A) endothermy
B) ectothermy
C) amniotic egg
D) terrestrial
37) Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian
lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?
A) presence of teeth
B) presence of four walking limbs
C) ectothermy
D) presence of a notochord
38) Which of these are amniotes?
A) amphibians
B) fishes
C) turtles
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably
the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into
posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled.
Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called
parabronchi.
39) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be
inferred about the air sacs?
A) They must not belong to the respiratory system.
B) They cannot be derived from endoderm.
C) They are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
D) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.
40) The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism
possible, at least theoretically?
A) the same as that occurring in fish gills
B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae
C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs
D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills
41) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry
environments?
A) the shelled, amniotic egg
B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
C) two pairs of appendages
D) a four-chambered heart
42) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
A) lizards
B) crocodiles
C) birds
D) tuataras
43) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the
following structures arose?
1. amniotic egg
2. paired fins
3. jaws
4. swim bladder
5. four-chambered heart
A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
44) Which clade does NOT include humans?
A) lobe-fins
B) diapsids
C) craniates
D) osteichthyans
45) Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the
development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?
A) a larger brain
B) the formation of compound eyes
C) movement of the eyes to the front of the head
D) diurnal activity
46) What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the
placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of
maternal care after leaving the placenta?
A) Eutheria
B) Marsupiala
C) Monotremata
47) Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear
bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?
A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones.
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones.
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw.
D) These bones can be observed to move from the evolving jaw to the evolving middle ear in
mammalian embryos.
48) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the
members have fully opposable thumbs?
A) apes
B) Homo
C) anthropoids
D) primates
49) Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a
reptile or a mammal?
A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.
B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.
C) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.
D) Examine the teeth.
50) Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy"
seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?
A) limit litters to a single embryo
B) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about six weeks long)
C) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats
D) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas
51) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____.
A) lack nipples
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus
C) lay eggs
D) are found in Australia and Africa
52) On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the
spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is
significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?
A) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
B) It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.
C) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
D) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a
previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island
of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases
(approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H.
floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that
also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to
coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have
lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years
ago.
53) Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. Which would be the most feasible
method of figuring out to which other hominin species H. floresiensis was most closely related?
A) Compare the type of prey hunted by H. floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other
hominin species.
B) Compare the average body size of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.
C) Compare the skeletal morphology of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin
species.
D) Compare the estimated life span of H. floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin
54) In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?
A) lack of a tail
B) eyes on the front of the face
C) bipedal posture
D) opposable thumbs
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a
previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island
of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases
(approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H.
floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that
also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to
coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have
lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years
ago.
55)
Species
Location
of Fossils
Estimated
Average
Braincase
Volume (cm3)
Estimated
Average
Body Mass
(kg)
Associated
with Stone
Tools?
Australopithecus
afarensis
Africa
450
36
no
A. africanus
Africa
450
36
no
Paranthropus boisei
Africa
510
44
no?
Homo habilis
Africa
550
34
yes
H. ergaster
Africa
850
58
yes
H. erectus
Africa, Asia
1000
57
yes
H. heidelbergensis
Africa, Europe
1200
62
yes
H. neanderthalensis
Middle East,
Europe, Asia
1500
76
yes
H. floresiensis
Asia
380
16-36
yes
H. sapiens
Middle East,
Europe, Asia
1350
53
yes
The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H. floresiensis to those of nine other
hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent). What do these data suggest?
A) A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking.
B) Body mass and braincase volume are completely unrelated.
C) Hominins first evolved in and then radiated out from Asia.
D) Homo floresiensis is most closely related to Australopithecus afarensis or A. africanus.
56) Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. It is speculated that H.
floresiensis and H. sapiens may have lived on Flores concurrently. Suppose researchers obtained
mitochondrial DNA samples from the H. floresiensis remains, amplified a 1000-base-pair
sequence via PCR, and compared it to that of several currently living H. sapiens native to
Indonesia, North Africa, and North America. Also suppose H. floresiensis were found to differ
from the average Indonesian H. sapiens in 28 base pairs, from the average North African H.
sapiens in 51 base pairs, and from the average North American H. sapiens in 53 base pairs, while
two randomly selected H. sapiens differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs. What
would you surmise from these data?
A) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably did not live on Flores concurrently.
B) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently but did not interact.
C) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently, and H. sapiens killed
and consumed H. floresiensis.
D) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently and interbred to some
degree.
57) Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive (most general) to least
inclusive (most specific).
1. apes
2. hominins
3. Homo
4 anthropoids
5. primates
A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3
58) Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?
A) enhanced depth perception
B) shortened hind limbs
C) opposable big toe
D) repositioning of foramen magnum
59) Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?
A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth.
B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees.
C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage.
D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved separately.
60) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
A) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
B) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural
selection.
C) Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
D) Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.
