The second law of thermodynamics states that
a. energy can be transformed into matter, and because of this, something is obtained for
nothing.
b. energy can be destroyed during nuclear reactions such as those that occur inside the
sun.
c. if energy is gained by one region of the universe, another place in the universe also
must gain energy in order to maintain the balance of nature.
d. energy tends to flow from concentrated to less concentrated forms.
e. none of these is true.
The following questions refer to the figures above.
Which of the letters in the above figure represents male structures?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. more than one of these
The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe
epidemic is an example of
a. natural selection.
b. genetic isolation.
c. the bottleneck effect.
d. the founder effect.
e. all of these.
The direct result of cytoplasmic fusion in basidiomycetes and ascomycetes is the
production of a
a. dikaryotic cell.
b. zygote.
c. gamete.
d. spore.
e. mushroom.
Which of the following are NOT components of the appendicular skeleton?
a. arm bones
b. collarbones
c. finger bones
d. ribs
e. leg bones
Which of the following causes DNA to wrap tightly around histones essentially
preventing transcription?
a. methylation
b. acetyl CoA
c. nitrogenation
d. dehydration
e. carbonation
Regulatory elements in gene control interact with
a. new polypeptide chains.
b. DNA.
c. RNA.
d. final proteins.
e. all of these.
How many chromosomes are present in each cell of the germ cell line for a tetraploid
species where its normal complement of chromosomes is 48?
a. 12
b. 23
c. 24
d. 46
e. 47
Four of the five structures listed below are associated with membranes. Select the
exception.
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. granum
c. plasma membrane
d. chromosome
e. nuclear envelope
The seeds of fleshy fruits are most likely to be spread by
a. animals.
b. water.
c. wind.
d. propulsion from the plant.
e. none of these.
instinctive behavior
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a. studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b. imprinting in goslings
c. capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time
encounters with key stimuli
d. problem solving without trial-and-error
e. behavior is modified by experience
f. voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g. communal display ground
h. occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment
becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i. self-sacrificing behavior
Adaptive radiation would be described by:
a. the dinosaurs going extinct.
b. coelecanths.
c. Darwin’s finches.
d. rats and warfarin.
e. all of these.
The above figure represents which of the following chromosomal changes:
a. inversion
b. deletion
c. duplication
d. translocation
e. aneuploidy
mucosa
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. a process that mixes the contents of the lumen and forces it against the absorptive
surface of the gut
b. stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
c. thin, outermost layer of stomach
d. a softened ball of food particles
e. emulsify fat globules
f. have multiple stomach chambers, some of which store populations of microorganisms
g. innermost layer of the gut; contains diverse secretory cells
h. gastric inhibitory peptide
i. stimulates gallbladder and stomach emptying as well as pancreatic enzyme secretions
j. a mixture of food particles in the stomach
The earliest type of eukaryotic organism currently known is a type of
a. virus.
b. bacterium.
c. alga.
d. animal-like protist.
e. fungus.
The teeth designated by the letter “D” in the above figure are called
a. canines.
b. premolars.
c. incisors.
d. molars.
e. none of these.
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Lizards are a very small component of the present-day reptiles.
b. Lizards gave rise to the snakes.
c. Some lizards are not predators.
d. Lizards have over lapping scales on their bodies.
e. All lizards are roughly the same size.
oxyhemoglobin
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the
larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
HeLa cells have been used in research to
a. identify viral strains.
b. investigate cancer.
c. study the effects of radiation on cells.
d. develop tissue culture techniques that produced a polio vaccine.
e. all of these.
Interstitial fluid
Choose the one most appropriate response for each.
a. ligaments and tendons are made of this
b. contains collagen and elastin; acts as a packing material that supports internal organs
c. receives, conducts, and initiates signals in response to environmental changes
d. stores fat
e. offers resistance to mechanical injury and loss of internal fluids; also a barrier against
microorganisms
f. secretes extracellular products such as sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva
g. fluid ground substance plus free cells; involved in transport, pH, and temperature
stability
h. extracellular fluid that bathes cells and tissues
How many ova (eggs) would eventually result from 20 secondary oocytes?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
Pyruvate is the end product of
a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
e. the citric acid cycle.
Sperm swim from ____ to ____ for fertilization.
a. B; A
b. D; C
c. D; E
d. C; D
e. E; C
The effectiveness of geographic barriers in promoting speciation is related most to
a. the size of the barrier.
b. the inability of the organisms to overcome the barrier.
c. the speed at which the barrier forms.
d. how long the barrier exists.
e. the size of the population it separates.
animal pole
Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a. visible marker of the site where an amphibian’s body axis will be established and
where gastrulation will begin
b. the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c. the fusion of male and female nuclei
d. the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e. selective gene expression results in different cell types
f. subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g. region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h. an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before
organogenesis begins
i. the formation of organs
j. one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k. the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a
predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l. occurs in the formation of the human hand
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
Carbon dioxide fixation
Which of the following is false concerning stem cells?
a. They are undifferentiated cells.
b. They arise from a fertilized egg.
c. They can be coaxed to differentiate.
d. They are obtained from a portion of a plant body.
e. They may help mend damaged tissue.
The anatomical structure identified with the letter “H” in the figure above is the
a. myocardium.
b. pulmonary veins.
c. inferior vena cava.
d. right atrium.
e. heart apex.
The items below are processes that occur during different stages of photosynthesis.
Answer the following questions by selecting one of these three processes.
a. oxidation
b. reduction
c. phosphorylation
This process occurs when an electron transport molecule gives up an electron.
The plant hormone that promotes cell division in roots and shoots is
a. auxin.
b. gibberellin.
c. cytokinin.
d. abscisic acid.
e. ethylene.