A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke
volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute
will have a cardiac output of _____.
A) 1,000 mL/minute
B) 1,750 mL/minute
C) 2,800 mL/minute
D) 4,900 mL/minute
Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what
characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?
A) mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect
B) major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents
C) a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
D) adaptive radiation, leading to founder effect
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come
from the same fungus.
1. basidiocarp
2. basidium
3. basidiospore
4. mycelium
5. gill
A) 4 →? 5 → 1→ 2 → 3
B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3
C) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4
D) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3
The body’s reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), raising plasma levels of calcium,
can be opposed by _____.
A) thyroxine
B) epinephrine
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
A controlled experiment _____.
A) is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate
B) includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental
treatment
C) includes at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables
D) includes one group for which the scientist controls all variables
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells?
A) Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not.
B) Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
C) Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on
anaerobic metabolism.
D) Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.
If there is a strong genetic link for type II diabetes mellitus in your family, how might
you minimize your risk of developing the disorder?
A) monitor your blood glucose levels daily
B) take oral insulin daily
C) maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced direct, and exercise
D) eat complex carbohydrates like starch instead of sweets
Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and
acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies
onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc
Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen?
A) paralysis of muscle tissue
B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation
C) decrease in the frequency of action potentials
D) no effect
A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is _____.
A) the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is
completed after fertilization
B) sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are much bigger than
human sperm
C) sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy, because only in sea
urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs
D) sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm, but human zygotes get
their mitochondria from the egg
The archenteron of the developing sea urchin eventually develops into the _____.
A) blastocoel
B) heart and lungs
C) digestive tract
D) brain and spinal cord
Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in
Caribbean coral reefs?
A) Staghorn coral is decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral takes its place.
B) Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes improves.
C) Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated
by herbivores.
D) Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in
primary productivity.
Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?
A) NAD+ only
B) NADH and FADH2
C) the electron transport chain
D) ADP and ATP
You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are
new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into
species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were
collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
A) biological
B) phylogenetic
C) ecological
D) morphological
Which statement about human reproduction is correct?
A) Fertilization occurs in the uterus.
B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body
temperatures.
C) A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous
tubules.
Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following
question(s).
In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of the figure above, if the zygote’s
chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true?
A) The sporophyte’s chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyte’s is 5.
B) The sporophyte’s chromosome number per cell is 5 and the gametophyte’s is 10.
C) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 10 chromosomes per cell.
D) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 5 chromosomes per cell.
The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between
individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes
a positive interaction, – denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals
are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots?
A) +/+
B) +/o
C) +/-
D) o/o
The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is
permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution
of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose.
Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.
Refer to the figure. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?
A) The molarity of sucrose is higher than that of glucose on side A.
B) The water level is higher in side A than in side B.
C) The water level is unchanged.
D) The water level is higher in side B than in side A.
In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus
causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would
you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?
A) tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males
B) black females; orange males
C) tortoiseshell females; black males
D) orange females; black males
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the
following events under the influence of natural selection?
1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals.
2. A change occurs in the environment.
3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.
4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.
A) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
B) 4 → 2 → 1 → 3
C) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1
D) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1
Which one of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to
highest percent in production efficiency?
A) mammals, fish, insects
B) insects, fish, mammals
C) fish, insects, mammals
D) mammals, insects, fish
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
A) ionic bonds
B) polar covalent bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) both polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____.
A) H+ pumping to control pH
B) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule
C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries
D) secretion along the distal tubule
A G-protein receptor with GTP bound to it _____.
A) is in its active state
B) signals a protein to maintain its shape and conformation
C) will use cGMP as a second messenger
D) directly affects gene expression
The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of _____.
A) epinephrine
B) steroid hormones
C) parathyroid hormone
D) acetylcholine
Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has
recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of _____.
A) phosphorylated proteins
B) cAMP
C) adenylyl cyclase
D) activated G proteins
In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains
much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could
potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the
following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?
A) a mantle
B) a heart
C) a body cavity
D) a filter-feeding apparatus
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They
complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants
because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions.
Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients?
I) sporophyte dominance
II) defenses against herbivory
III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
A) I and II
B) II and III
C) I and III
D) I, II, and III
Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2C (that is, near the normal body
core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____.
A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid
hormones
B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis
C) reduce the man’s sexual interest
D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis
Use the following information and figure to answer the question(s) below.
The sea slug Pteraeolidia ianthina (P. ianthina) can harbor living dinoflagellates
(photosynthetic protists) in its skin. These endosymbiotic dinoflagellates reproduce
quickly enough to maintain their populations. Low populations do not affect the sea
slugs very much, but high populations (> 5 x 105 cells/mg of sea slug protein) can
promote sea slug survival.
Percent of sea slug respiratory carbon demand provided by indwelling dinoflagellates.
According to the graph, during which season(s) of the year is the relationship between
the sea slug and its dinoflagellates closest to being commensal?
A) winter
B) spring
C) summer
D) spring and summer
The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following
meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. Diversity in this species
may be generated by mutations and _____.
A) crossing over
B) independent assortment
C) crossing over and independent assortment
D) nothing else
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O
↔ H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. If CO2 is bubbled into a beaker
containing pure, freshly distilled water, which of the following graphs correctly
describes the results?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore?
A) Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption.
B) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems.
C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores.
D) Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity.
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below.
A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears
microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense
cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of
tiny spheres with a high oil content.
Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon
chemical analysis of these small spheres?
A) sporopollenins
B) phenolics
C) waxes
D) terpenes
Which of the following processes within viral replication is the greatest source of
genetic variation in RNA virus populations?
A) High mutation rate due to lack of proofreading of RNA genome replication errors.
B) Transcription from the host cell RNA polymerase introduces numerous mutations.
C) Capsid proteins from the host cell can replace the viral capsid.
D) Viral RNA is translated by host cell ribosomes.