When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the
preferred temperature of the body, which general component is being used?
A) sensor
B) effector
C) integrator
C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome
sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating
reproduction, particularly egg-laying. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and
multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are
mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation
that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter,
serotonin. That rescue suggests that this mutation is most likely in which of the
following?
A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying
B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying
C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying
D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying
All animals, whether large or small, have _____.
A) an external body surface that is dry
B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac
C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm
D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the
largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
C) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the
information in the table to answer the question(s) below
Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in
their cytoplasms than most other bacteria?
A) species A and B
B) species A and C
C) species B and E
D) species C and D
As climate changes because of global warming, plant species’ ranges in the northern
hemisphere may move northward. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in
such an environment are those that _____.
A) have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals
B) produce well-provisioned seeds
C) have seeds that become viable only after a forest fire
D) disperse many seeds in close proximity to the parent tree
Experiments on the positive phototropic response of plants indicate that_____.
A) light destroys auxin
B) auxin moves down the plant apoplastically
C) auxin is synthesized in the area where the stem bends
D) auxin can move to the shady side of the stem
You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior.
You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis,
you can probably conclude that the species is _____.
A) polygamous
B) monogamous
C) polyandrous
D) agonistic
The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) but no roots.
Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by_____.
A) diffusion through stomata
B) absorption by mycorrhizae
C) osmosis through the root hairs
D) diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome
The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following. From earliest to most recent, in
what sequence did these events evolve?
1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos
2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos
3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians
4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos
A) 4 → 1 → 3 → 2
B) 4 → 2 → 1 → 3
C) 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
D) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2
After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by
_____.
A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels
B) a decrease in the membrane’s permeability to potassium and chloride ions
C) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump
D) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels
If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the
following to ensure proper hydration?
A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes
B) caffeinated beverages
C) bottled water kept at room temperature
D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible
Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?
A) pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse
B) extremophiles, tiny, abundant
C) tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
D) morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles
Data were collected from the heterocysts of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium
inhabiting equatorial ponds. Study the following graph and choose the most likely
explanation for the shape of the curve.
A) Enough oxygen (O2) enters heterocysts during hours of peak photosynthesis to have
a somewhat-inhibitory effect on nitrogen fixation.
B) Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) levels increase at night because plants are no longer
metabolizing this gas, so they are not absorbing this gas through their stomata.
C) Heterocyst walls become less permeable to nitrogen (N2) influx during darkness.
D) The amount of fixed nitrogen that is dissolved in the pond water in which the
cyanobacteria are growing peaks at the close of the photosynthetic day (1800 hours).
Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that _____.
A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations
B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states
C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment
D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines
Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.
A) jaws adapted for feeding
B) a high degree of cephalization
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest
D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Plant growth regulators _____.
A) only act by altering gene expression
B) often have a multiplicity of effects
C) function independently of other hormones
D) affect the division and elongation, but not the differentiation, of cells
A cleavage furrow is _____.
A) a ring of vesicles forming a cell plate
B) the separation of divided prokaryotes
C) a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei
D) the space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that
occur as enantiomers, or molecules that _____.
A) have identical three-dimensional shapes
B) are mirror images of one another
C) are mirror images of one another and have the same biological activity
D) are cis-trans isomers
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the
phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above?
A) coelom
B) bilateral symmetry
C) segmentation
D) protostome development
Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?
A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid
cycle.
B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.
C) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
D) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.
The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate
excess heat by _____.
A) countercurrent exchange
B) acclimation
C) vasoconstriction
D) evaporation
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are considered to be tumor-suppressor genes because _____.
A) their normal products participate in repair of DNA damage
B) the mutant forms of either one of these prevent breast cancer
C) the normal genes make estrogen receptors
D) they block penetration of breast cells by chemical carcinogens
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes
intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst
releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine’s lining
via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the
host’s intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring
by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two
haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large
intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration.
Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts.
The cysts of Giardia function most like the _____.
A) mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads
B) nuclei of archaeans
C) endospores of bacteria
D) capsids of viruses
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most
like that of the seed coat?
A) sporophyll
B) sporopollenin
C) stigma
D) sporangium
In rabbits, the homozygous CC is normal, Cc results in deformed legs, and cc results in
very short legs. The genotype BB produces black fur, Bb brown fur, and bb white fur. If
a cross is made between brown rabbits with deformed legs and white rabbits with
deformed legs, what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have deformed
legs and white fur?
A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 100%
D) 50%
According to the figure above, what is the LEAST likely explanation for the data after
1985?
A) emigration
B) immigration
C) introduction of new alleles into the population
D) increased resources in the area
If the figure above shows the dances of bees in a hive at twelve noon on March 21 in
the northern hemisphere, which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of
the hive?
A) dance A
B) dance B
C) dance C
D) It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the
hive.
Examine the figure above and consider this hypothesis: Plant biomass increases with
species richness. In looking at the data in the figure above, how would you relate it to
this hypothesis? The hypothesis is _____.
A) partially supported
B) supported
C) rejected
The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____.
A) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate
B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids
C) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure
D) expulsion of urine from the body
In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are
ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on
the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross
between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?
A) 2:1 male to female
B) 1:2 male to female
C) 1:1 male to female
D) 3:1 male to female
At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a _____.
A) blastocyst
B) gastrula
C) fetus
D) zygote
Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated
by _____.
A) abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol
B) abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen
C) injection of calcium ions into the cytosol
D) depletion of its ATP supplies
The difference between ATP and the nucleoside triphosphates used during DNA
synthesis is that _____.
A) the nucleoside triphosphates have the sugar deoxyribose; ATP has the sugar ribose
B) the nucleoside triphosphates have two phosphate groups; ATP has three phosphate
groups
C) ATP contains three high-energy bonds; the nucleoside triphosphates have two
D) ATP is found only in human cells; the nucleoside triphosphates are found in all
animal and plant cells
Transgenic mice are useful to human researchers because they _____.
A) can be valuable animal models of human disease
B) are essential for mapping human genes
C) are now used in place of bacteria for cloning human genes
D) were instrumental in pinpointing the location of the huntingtin gene