Infancy ends:
a. at about 36 months.
b. before deciduous dentition has completely erupted.
c. with completion of brain growth.
d. with weaning, which occurs at the same time across cultures.
Chororapithecus is considered the:
a. oldest fossil in Africa.
b. ancestor to Gigantopithecus.
c. common ancestor of African apes and hominins.
d. ancestor to Aegyptopithecus.
Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:
a. at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
b. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving
children.
c. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving
children.
d. have poor nutrition.
Forensic anthropologists:
a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.
b. study skeletal remains from past human populations.
c. study the evolution of human skeletal traits.
d. do not work outside academia.
Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and
gathering, meaning:
a. more people were needed to produce more food.
b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
d. fewer people were available for labor.
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective
pressures?
a. predation
b. niche competition
c. adaptive radiation
d. habitat
The Denisova fossils likely:
a. interbred with Homo erectus.
b. share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
c. were isolated to the point of extinction.
d. looked very much like Neandertals.
The earliest hominins probably lived in which kind of environment?
a. dense tropical forest
b. complex hybrid habitats
c. open savannah grassland
d. arid, high-altitude uplands
Ardi’s intermediate form of bipedality included the use of:
a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches.
c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches.
d. a tail.
The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of:
a. natural selection.
b. gene flow.
c. founder effect.
d. mutation.
Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above
Where industrialization is occurring_________ , while where there is no
industrialization, _________.
a. infections and allergies are on the rise; infections and allergies are less developed
b. obesity is reduced; malnutrition does not exist
c. infections and allergies are less developed; infections and allergies are on the rise
d. infections don”t exist; allergies are more prevalent
What are the three observations of natural selection?
a. Species change and adapt based on environmental pressure, individuals change
within their lifetime, and offspring inherit the changes.
b. Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations provide the change necessary in populations
that affect future generations.
c. Organisms produce more offspring than survive, populations vary, and traits are
inherited.
d. The number of adults tends to remain the same over time, inheritance provides all of
the genetic variation needed for future generations, and natural selection works on only
the best of those adults in each generation.
A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large
nasal aperture is likely:
a. to be classified as having modern characteristics.
b. to be classified as having australopithecine characteristics.
c. to be classified as having archaic characteristics.
d. to be classified as having apelike characteristics.
Zoonosis is:
a. the transfer of pathogens from other animals to humans.
b. the transfer of genes from other animals to humans.
c. a gene pool of nonhuman genes only.
d. the phenomenon of genetic change in nonhuman species.
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and
behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid
evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies
that:
a. the researchers are relying on genetic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as
this is most appropriate for their research.
b. the researchers are relying on anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans,
as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
c. the researchers are relying on genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans,
hence their use of the term “hominid” to describe human ancestors.
d. both b. and c.
Homo erectus‘s cranial capacity:
a. is always less than 1,000 cc.
b. is always more than 800 cc.
c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
A genetic study conducted over two generations found that the frequencies of genotypes
in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation,
genotype frequencies remained the same. According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
we can assume:
a. negative assortative mating has maintained gene frequencies.
b. mutations have likely occurred, resulting in the same frequency.
c. mating in this population is random.
d. the population is small and we cannot detect change.
What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information
over long periods of time?
a. social learning
b. television
c. social media
d. mimicry
Stratigraphic correlation is:
a. matching strata by chemical composition and color from several sites across
distances.
b. correlating stratigraphic markers in one location.
c. matching stratigraphy from known sites only.
d. dating through the use of a chronometric method.
Primates have long growth and development periods because:
a. they take longer to develop to sexual maturity.
b. on average they are larger bodied than nonprimates.
c. they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
d. the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.
Global warming is the result of anthropogenic interference, which is:
a. evolution in action.
b. nothing new.
c. nonhuman.
d. human.
Genetic adaptation:
a. occurs at the population level via natural selection.
b. occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
d. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
Human ABO blood types are:
a. determined by regulatory genes.
b. determined by multiple alleles.
c. determined by multiple genes.
d. determined by homeotic genes.
The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered
(often referred to as the “cradle of humankind”) is:
a. Lake Turkana.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
c. Swartkrans.
d. Hadar.
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically similar to:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo habilis.
d. Australopithecus robustus.
The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led
to early Homo seems to have focused on _________.
a. bipedalism
b. mastication
c. brain size increase
d. body size increase
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that:
a. it was studied during Darwin’s lifetime.
b. it is the “recipe” for all biological characteristics and functions.
c. it was discovered by Mendel.
d. it is stored in ribosomes.
Adaptive radiation occurs when:
a. one species produces multiple closely related species.
b. several species adapt to one environment.
c. species radiate to different environments and adapt to the varying environments.
d. an individual adapts to varying environments.
The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:
a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.